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Juan Jr Ramirez | Realist / Impressionist Portrait painter

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Juan Ramirez is a young, self-taught, Mexican – American Chicago born oil painter living in Chicago.

"Self-discipline is not getting yourself to do what you want; it is controlling your fears from stopping you from what you can do" - Juan Jr. Ramirez

"It seems that painting at this moment in life, at this time in history is actually a noble thing. But I am too immature to consciously paint for nobility. But maybe I am a great artist, maybe I will inspire great artists of the future. I will continue to read my days, I will persist, and let today's chapter end".











My name is Juan Jr. Ramirez, and the above quote is the last few sentences I wrote in my autobiography almost two years ago. Since then I've had five solo shows of my oil paintings in my home state of Illinios, taught classes and workshops, and traveled to meet other artists and paint with them in their studios.
I have met so many wonderful people.
Now I'm 22 and visiting in Vermont with artist Andrea Scheidler. I'm working on a book of my notes on John Singer Sargent's painting techniques and will be in my first gallery show in April, thanks to Greg Worden of Vermont Artisan Designs in Brattleboro.
The oil painting on the cover of this Gallery Walk guide is of my niece, Jaylin. It is on a 16x20 birchwood panel which will be in the Vermont Artisan Designs April show.
What can I say ... I love her!
She makes me smile. She lightens up my day. She tricks me into searching videos of Elmo on youtube. My goal here, though, was to continue developing my technique and tapping into the French naturalist movement. I painted it here in Vermont, in Andrea's studio, High Street Painters.

This is my second time visiting Vermont. Andrea invited me to visit her after meeting me in Chicago and seeing my oil paintings. With her introduction, I met renowned artist Richard Schmid last fall in Putney at Village Arts. Since then, many opportunities have opened to me.
Is this another miracle story?
A rags to riches story?
A ghetto boy from the hood ends up in Vermont with a Caucasian couple story?
Maybe. 
But let me tell you how it really feels. It's an incredible happiness! It is destiny unfolding before my eyes!
It is dreams coming true!
It is love and compassion, like the hand of God gently leading me.
This is no unique story, and no great story.
This is no wonderful story but a story of wonderful people.
There were nights that seemed hopeless, when debt piled up, procrastination was like a disease, and sketches were all screwed up. But compared to someone living in a truly impoverished area in some obscure part of the world, I was blessed. I had to believe. I dreamed dreams. I had visions, and I chased after them. You know, I yelled. I yelled at the universe and told it that I would give it my all and more, and fight and keep fighting. My family suffered too much for me to allow myself to give up. Art is worth doing and life is worth living. Painting is a noble thing.
"To work is to pray," as Sargent said. And so I prayed. I poured myself into my painting.
I began painting in oils when I was eighteen years old. I went to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for a year and half. I realized that what I wanted to learn was not emphazised as much as post-modern art and politics.
So I bought art books and instructional DVDs about classical artists and painting techniques. I taught myself to paint. My first models were my family. So in my tiny bedroom I doodled to a beat while Chicago gangs shot it out in the street. Only after I sold my first painting on Ebay - of my step-brother Adrian - did my family begin to support me. Occasionally they still tell me that I suck. They are my harshest critics, but I am beginning to impress them.

My technique has increased exponentially, and great opportunities lie ahead now. Though I returned to my cubicle-size bedroom/studio in Chicago, where I have south light, I have learned to shut up and paint. Even the greatest artist can live in obscurity, but that was not my goal.
How could I share my work? My uncle told me to put a painting on Ebay. I did. One collector who saw my work online passed the word to a foundation that my paintings were good. That foundation provided me with shows and workshops. Work increased my output and led to other projects. Other projects brought new contacts. New contacts brought new opportunities.
How can I say no to what lies ahead now?
I learned that self-discipline is not getting yourself to do what you want; it is controlling your fears from stopping you from what you can do.
Artists know how hard it can be to paint a portrait. So many fears. We torment ourselves with "what ifs".
What if the drawing is wrong?
What if the color is wrong?
What if I can't paint eyes, etc. It takes practice, goals, guts, and a little insanity. In fact we have to believe we can make colored mud look attractive. So what do we artists have to lose - we are already crazy!
I commend all people who are wise and pragmatic. Getting ahead in life takes work. I thank all who have supported me. Your words of encouragement will not go out the other ear. I am Mexican-American, so statistically the odds are against me. But forget that! They were always against me.
I have had health issues, had rebellious siblings, my parents divorced. I have lived in poverty and experienced the lure and the threat of gangs. Other hurdles lie ahead, such as competition, lack of skill, and more. I am human, but history has proven how much potential we have. I might never be young again, but I can still be great!




































Craig Srebnik, 1957 | Portrait / Figurative / Plein Air painter

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"My goal is to distill a visual or personal experience to its essence and express my vision in the most eloquent terms-elevating it into the realm of the poetic" - Craig Srebnik.

Craig Srebnik’s artwork has earned twenty-nine national awards, including three Awards of Excellence from the Oil Painters of America; the President’s Award from the American Impressionist Society; Best of Show from the Academic Artists Association and Texas Art Museum; First Place from the National Society of Artists and Hilton Head Art League; has appeared in American Artist, American Art Collector, American Art Review, Art and Antiques, Art Business News, The Art Guide, The Artist, Art of the West, Art World News, Carrie Leigh’s Nude, International Artist and Southwest Art magazines; in over sixty national juried and five museum exhibitions; and in galleries throughout the United States and in Europe.
















Currently teaching at his Oregon art academy and across the U.S., Srebnik has conducted art workshops at eighteen art schools and colleges, plus art museums in the U.S. and France. These include his "Secrets from the Masters" art workshops.

The Artist’s Viewpoint museum and gallery tours, and seminars on contemporary art, collecting and marketing artwork. Srebnik is producing books based upon his experience as an artist and teacher - painting, composition, anatomy, art and art history, art collecting and developing a career in fine art.

Member:
Academic Artists Association - American Artists Professional League - American Impressionist Society - American Society of Traditional Artists - International Guild of Realism - Oil Painters of America - Portrait Society of America.




















































































Brian Slawson | Urban and Landscape painter

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"I don’t necessarily try to convey a specific story, I just want people to have the same curiosity about the subject that I did".

Brian Slawson has been working as a professional artist since 1992 both in the commercial and fine art fields.
He is a Signature member of the Oil Painters of America.
In 2006 he devoted himself full time to fine art.
Brian works in oils in a contemporary realist style in which his primary focus is on capturing the mood of the subject. He is attracted to subjects that look as though they have a story to tell, a history.
















It is this quest for mood in his work that has made Brian a favorite among collectors. His work is in private, public and corporate collections nationwide.
In 2006, The Grand Canyon Association purchased Brian’s painting titled "Canyon Magic" for their permanent collection.
Brian was influenced at an early age by artistic parents and the works of the old masters.
He is a self taught artist.
He exhibits regularly in the Oil Painters of America's regional and national shows.
Brian has received awards from the Oil Painters of America and the Arts for the Parks among others. 
Brian paints both rural and urban landscapes but is also comfortable painting still life.

Shows and Awards

  • 2015 - Oil Painters of America Western Regional, Wild Horse Gallery, Steamboat Springs, CO, Award of Excellence;
  • 2014 - Oil Painters of America Western Regional, Mountainsong Galleries, Carmel, CA;
  • 2013 - Fine Art Studio Online Bold Brush Competition, Best of Show;
  • 2013 - Lovetts Gallery, Tulsa OK, Take Me There, a 3 Person Show;
  • 2012 - Waterhouse Gallery, Santa Barbara, CA, City Lights Exhibition;
  • 2012 - Waterhouse Gallery, Santa Barbara, CA, Small Gems Exhibition;
  • 2011 - Feature Aticle, Southwest Art Magazine;
  • 2011 - Artist in Residence, Rocky Mountain National Park;
  • 2011 - Kansas Masters Invitational;
  • 2011 - Scottsdale Salon, Legacy Gallery, Scottsdale, AZ;
  • 2010 - Fine Art Studio Online Bold Brush Competition, Best of Show;
  • 2010 - Paint the Parks National Exhibition, Directors Choice Award;
  • 2010 - Oil Painters of America National Juried Exhibition, Legacy Gallery, Scottsdale, AZ.;
  • 2010 - Salon International, Jury's Top 60 Award, Greenhouse Gallery, San Antonio, TX.;
  • 2010 - Anniversary Show, Howard Mandville Gallery, Kirkland, WA.;
  • 2009 - 19th Annual Invitational Small Works Show, Howard Mandville Gallery, Kirkland, WA.;
  • 2009 - Fine Art Studio Online -August Contest 2nd Place;
  • 2009 - Booth Western Art Museum - Painting the Canyon, Cartersville, GA;
  • 2009 - The Artist Magazine Annual Competition Finalist;
  • 2009 - Oil Painters of America Western Regional Exhibition Kirkland, Washington;
  • 2009 - Kansas Masters' Invitational Art Show;
  • 2009 - Oil Painters of America National Juried Exhibition Sage Creek Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico;
  • 2008 - Awarded Signature Status in the Oil Painters of America;
  • 2008 - Oil Painters of America Western Regional Exhibition Coeur d'Alene, Idaho;
  • 2008 - The Artist Magazine Annual Competition Finalist;
  • 2008 - Oil Painters of America National Exhibition Missoula, Montana;
  • 2007 - Oil Painters of America Central Regional;
  • 2007 - Oil Painters of America National Exhibition;
  • Daler Rowney Award of Excellence ;
  • 2007 - Kansas Masters' Invitational Art Show;
  • 2007 - Kansas Governor's Inaugural Exhibit;
  • 2007 - Grand! The Art of Arizona’s Magnificent Canyon, Desert Caballeros Western Museum;
  • 2006 - Arts for the Parks Region 2 Winner;
  • 2006 - Arts for the Parks Grand Canyon Association Purchase Award;
  • 2005 - Oil Painters of America Central Regional Best Associate Member;
  • 2005 - Overland Park Art at the Center;
  • 2004 - Arts For The Parks top 200.

























Federico Infante, 1982 | Surrealist painter /Illustrator

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Born in Santiago, Chile, Federico Infante works predominantly in the medium of painting, he received his BFA from Finis Terrae University (Santiago, Chile) in 2002 and graduated in 2013 with his MFA in Illustration from the School of Visual Arts in New York. He was the recipient of the Uanlane Foundation Scholarship (2012), the Conicyt Scholarship (2009), and the Juan Downey Grant (2004).











He has had several successful solo and group exhibitions in Chile, New York and Italy and his work has been adopted into private collections around the world.
In 2015 he illustrated Nabokov's masterpiece, Lolita, edited by The Folio Society.
Currently Federico’s work can be seen at Punto Sull’Arte Gallery (Italy), I’ll Corregio Museum (Italy), MasseyLyuben Gallery (New York), Animal Gallery (Chile) and Saint-Dizier Gallery (Canada). Federico is currently living and working in New York City.

  • Work Statement

Each of my paintings is deeply unique and emerges through its own process. I start with an expressive act of covering the canvas with several layers of acrylic paint and then scratching it off. I repeat this process many times. I do not plan my images in advance and try to stay present and as detached as possible from the result. In doing this I am able to express my unconscious mind, the part of me that has not been processed by logic. 
I then react to this abstract and expressive atmosphere, by searching for the elements that have emerged, possibly in pockets of light, or the foundations of a landscape. In this way each painting shows me its singular identity.
At this point I open the process up to ration, the part of myself that tries to understand reality, to decode what my subconscious has expressed and make it tangible. I then paint the figurative elements of this atmosphere. Often a person standing alone, or a piece of architecture coming out of the dark or an open sky that implies the presence of an unseen figure.
Through this process I am able to investigate the tension between the subconscious that drives us and the logic with which we make sense of and understand our everyday lives. Although this is a deeply personal process, the tension and ambiguity of the circumstances that often arise allow this experience to be related by any viewer.


Awards and Honors
  • 2015 Semi-finalist NYFA Basil H. Alkazzi Award for Excellence;
  • 2012 Uanlane Foundation Scholarship;
  • 2009 Conicyt Scholarship;
  • 2004 Juan Downey Grant.


















Federico Infante è nato a Santiago -Cile.
Ogni suo dipinto ha un personale processo di intuizione creativa. Inizia con l'atto metodico, espressivo di ricoprire la tela con diversi strati di pittura, graffiandola e ripetendo questo processo molte volte, cercando così di esprimere l'inconscio, la parte di sé che non è ancora stata elaborata dalla logica.
Solo in seguito Federico inizia a visualizzare le situazioni, i paesaggi e i punti di luce all'interno della tela, cercando una atmosfera suggestiva e fertile che dia vita a quello che ritiene essere l'elemento figurativo del dipinto: una persona in piedi, una parte di architettura che emerge dal buio, un cielo sereno.
Federico Infante ha frequentato la Finis Terrae University a Santiago (Cile) e la School of Visual Art a New York. Ha realizzato numerose mostre personali e collettive di successo negli Stati Uniti, in Cile ed in Italia. Il suo lavoro fa parte di collezioni private negli Stati Uniti, in Europa (Francia, Belgio, Germania ed Italia), Arabia Saudita e Singapore.
Nel 2015 ha illustrato l'Edizione di "Lolita" di Vladimir Nabokov pubblicata da The Folio Society. Vive e lavora a New York.

  • 2015 Semi-finalist NYFA Basil H. Alkazzi Award for Excellence;
  • 2012 Uanlane Foundation Scholarship;
  • 2009 Conicyt Scholarship;
  • 2004 Juan Downey Grant.







Robert Hagan, 1947 | Plein Air painter | Part.2

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Robert Hagan is an Australian television personality, author, impressionist artist, and producer. He is best known for hosting the Discovery HD/Discovery television show Splash of Color.

Robert Hagan is known for his western, romantic, decorative, adventure, portraiture and maritime paintings.

Although self-taught, Hagan's style is impressionist using a limited palette of oil to impart a sense of tranquility and play on light to make the painting come alive. His brushwork is loose with final strokes of impasto.

For biographical notes -in english and italian- and other works by Hagan see:





























Adolphe Valette | Urban landscapes of Manchester

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Pierre Adolphe Valette (1876-1942) was a French Impressionist painter. His most acclaimed paintings are urban landscapes of Manchester, now in the collection of Manchester Art Gallery.

Today, he is chiefly remembered as L. S. Lowry's tutor.
Born in St Etienne in 1876, he trained at the Ecole Municipale de Beaux-Arts et des Arts Decoratifs in Bordeaux.

Valette arrived in England for unknown reasons in 1904 and studied at the Birkbeck Institute, now part of the University of London. In 1905 he travelled to the North West of England where he designed greetings cards and calendars for a Manchester printing company.

He attended evening classes at Manchester Municipal School of Art and in 1907 he was invited to join the staff as a teacher. His French teaching style, painting by demonstration, was new to the United Kingdom.







Lowry expressed great admiration for Valette, who taught him new techniques and showed him the potential of the urban landscape as a subject.

He called him "a real teacher … a dedicated teacher".

Lowry added: "I cannot over-estimate the effect on me of the coming into this drab city of Adolphe Valette, full of French impressionists, aware of everything that was going on in Paris".

In 1920 Valette resigned from the Institute owing to ill health. He stayed in Lancashire for eight more years, teaching privately and painting in Manchester and Bolton. In 1928 he returned to Paris, and subsequently moved to Blacé en Beaujolais where he died in 1942.

Valette's paintings are Impressionist, a style that suited the damp fogginess of Manchester. Manchester Art Gallery has a room devoted to him, where the viewer may compare some of his paintings with some of Lowry's, and judge to what extent Lowry's own style was influenced by him and by French Impressionism generally.
The Lowry hosted an exhibition of about 100 works by Valette alongside works by his pupil L. S. Lowry between October 2011 and January 2012. It included paintings of Manchester from Manchester Art Gallery and loans from private owners.



















































Shaun Berke, 1983 | Symbolist /Portrait /Figurative painter

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Shaun Berke is an artist living and working in Pasadena, California. In his classic, dramatic paintings he explores his knowledge of iconography in a modern way.

Shaun is:
  • American painter and instructor;
  • Pupil in the Bellini-Titian school by pedigree;
  • Apprenticeship, Odd Nerdrum, Stavern, Norway;
  • Apprenticeship, Richard Houston, Venice, Italy;
  • B.F.A., Art Center College of Design; A.A., Moorpark College; Member of the Getty Research Institute;
  • Awards from The Art Renewal Center, Westlake Village Art Guild, Thousand Oaks Art Association.

















"I like to think of it as cave painting, after waking up for the Renaissance, and then being hit in the head by Modernity.
In general, I describe the work as traditional, figurative, allegorical painting.
More specifically, I would say it is Gothic piety and Sienese humanism in a Venetian light, only with more chaos.
The aesthetic of this show parallels the Kitsch school, as they are rooted in a love for classical antiquity and long dead friends" -Shaun Berke.






































François Cauvin | Symbolism /Abstract painter

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"My art takes root in the African heritage of Haitian culture.
The two main themes, which I have been painting during my whole career, are the representation of the Black woman and nature, developed according to haitian religious symbolism, binding these two interrelated subjects.

These themes are addressed in two ways: in the interpretation of the archetype or by the materialization of gods and goddesses embodied in a common mortal.

For many years now, acrylic paint has imposed itself as the main medium of my work. I usually use a smooth paste, luminous on a darkened background where my different characters, divinities from Africa and of Mother Nature reveal themselves, emerging from primordial waters" - François Cauvin.

























Thomas Saliot, 1968 | Figurative /Portrait Bokeh style painter

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Born in Paris, French artist Thomas Saliot has been painting and travelling for the last 20 years. He paints amazing figurative oil on canvases with bokeh style in some of his works that have the appealing out of focus effect.

I work «free hand» from photos i find all over the web. It is a bit in the spirit of a blog (terrible word) where i use icomic images like snapshot of our centuries.

I have a hugh collection in a messy file so i very seldom can credit the original artistes and trully apologize for it.

If you know the name of a photographe i used or are yourself an the one and is bothered by it, please do let me know so i can credit or erase.






































































































Nativo di Parigi, Thomas Saliot si divide fra la capitale francese, dove ha messo su una galleria, e Marrakech, dove sta il suo studio.
Oltre alle numerose mete dei suoi viaggi, in città come Strasburgo e Lipsia, dove egli ha portato (e porta) le sue opere.
L’artista offre una varietà di soggetti e situazioni ricavate dal web. Saliot seleziona le immagini che lo colpiscono e in cui si identifica e le riproduce con uno stile chiamato Bokeh - un termine del gergo fotografico derivato dal vocabolo giapponese "boke", che significa "sfocatura" oppure "confusione mentale".
A partire dalla metà degli anni novanta, si è affiancato all'uso terminologico tradizionale di espressioni come contributo delle aree fuori fuoco o resa dello sfocato.

La pittura di Saliot può essere considerata un mix fra realismo classico e pop, i suoi oli su tela hanno riferimenti al jazz, al cinema e alle diverse culture che ha avuto modo di conoscere durante i suoi viaggi.



Victor Olson | Figurative Painter / Illustrator

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Victor Olson (1924-2007) of Fanton Meadows, West Redding, Connecticut was a well known, award-winning Fairfield County artist, as well as an illustrator and graphic designer. He has illustrated many national magazine covers for paperback publications and magazine stories for such publishers as Doubleday, Avon Books, MacFadden Books, Bantan and Monarch.

Victor Olson Obituary, published in News Times on June 25, 2007

Victor Olson, age 82, of Redding, beloved husband of the late Muriel Leary Olson, died Friday, June 22, 2007, in the Pope John Paul II Health Care Center, Danbury.
Mr. Olson was born in Bridgeport and was a lifelong area resident. He was a well-known artist. Mr. Olson was a graduate of Bassick High School and attended the Art Career School of New York.












One of Mr. Olson's paintings of the founder of Sikorsky Aircraft, Igor Sikorsky's portrait, belongs to the Smithsonian Institute Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.; also, as part of the 40th anniversary of the founding of the American Helicopter Society, a painting of Mr. Sikorski's attempt to construct a vertical flying machine for his first solo flight in Bridgeport.
Also, a painting by Mr. Olson of a typical New England scene belongs to the private collection of former President Lyndon B. Johnson.
He was a life member of the Scandinavian Club, Fairfield, and the S.S. Norden Club.
Survivors include two daughters: Lorinda Blackman and her husband, John, of Norwalk; and Kimberly Olson, of Monroe; two granddaughters: Lyndsay and Cally Blackman; two great-granddaughters: Aubrey and Janae Adams.
Friends are invited to attend a funeral service on Tuesday, June 26, 2007, at 7:30 p.m. in the Larson Funeral Home, 2496 North Ave., Bridgeport. Burial will be private at the convenience of the family. Friends may call on Tuesday from 5 p.m. until the time of service.
Donations may be made to the Connecticut VNA, 680 Main Street, Watertown, CT 06795.























Daniil Volkov, 1974 | Abstract Plein Air painter

Celeste Bergin | Impressionist Landscapes painter

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Celeste Bergin grew up in Elgin, Illinois. As a young girl she was attracted to the landscape and expressive faces, filling her notebooks with sketches of the gentle rolling plains of the Midwest and with portraits of the people she knew.
After graduating from high school she attended the prestigious Art Institute of Chicago. Unfortunately, some unexpected events interrupted her art education. She moved to Florida and worked for 7 years in an un-related field. By 1976 she moved to Portland, Oregon and she went back to college (Mt. Hood) to earn a degree in Graphic Design. She also attended the Pacific Northwest College of Art.









In 1978 she began her 25 year career in Graphic Design and advertising, working for Robert Selby Design, Borders, Perrin & Norrander, Nike and Wieden + Kennedy. In 2004 she began painting full time and sought the company of like-minded people. She started painting outdoors and directly from life. Currently Celeste serves as the moderator for "Alla Prima Portland" an art discussion roundtable that meets weekly in Multnomah Village.
Celeste has had workshops with Kenn Backhaus, Robert Gamblin, Eric Jacobsen and Ovanes Berberian. She is strongly influenced by Manet, Andy Warhol, Dan McCaw and Wayne Thiebaud. Her work incorporates an appreciation for the beauty of nature and a preference for bold expression. She has exhibited her paintings in Galleries and non-profit arts organizations. Her work is included in private collections throughout the United States.


























Dan Quintana, 1982 | Pop Surrealism /Symbolist painter

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A Los Angeles native, Dan Quintana began experimenting with oil painting in high school then shifting his focus to street art, creating numerous murals, many of which can still be seen around Los Angeles. In his early twenties Quintana embarked on commercial commissions for numerous music labels, tee-shirt designs etc.
Quintana's talent has also found a home in the custom car culture in his work as artist for West Coast Customs on the MTV show Pimp my Ride and TLC's Street Customs and he has been featured in publications including LA Weekly, Juxtapoz, Hi Fructose, Car Kulture Deluxe and more.







One painting features a ghost horse plummeting earthward with its demonic, also-rotting human companion. Using overlapping shapes and translucent layers, Quintana strips away flesh from his subjects, revealing grisly anatomies of muscle and bone.
With his eclectic style and masterful attention to detail, Quintana channels the otherworldly imagery of Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch while also blending in modern motifs and geometric patterns.
Color and light play important roles in Quintana’s work. Most of his recent paintings are muted in shades of gray and brown, invoking a look that’s both antique and corpselike. As the word “Diffused” implies, light is distributed in an exploratory fashion in these works.
Often the figures’ outlines are obscured and partially dissolved, making it unclear where their forms begin and end; in the artist’s own words, “we see the light in these figures dispersing faintly into the open vast space until it ceases to exist” (Source).
For Quintana, light is a symbol of life. Used in fluid but contrasting ways with the shadowy, cadaverous imagery, Quintana’s work seems to explore a symbolic co-relation between the forces of life and the stark realities of death.


























Dan Quintana è un artista di grande talento proveniente da Los Angeles, California, dove vive e lavora. Dipinge quadri surrealisti intrisi di un simbolismo vivido e inquietante. Le sue visioni oniriche sono splendidamente realizzate e ricordano le tele dei grandi maestri olandesi e fiamminghi. Dan Quintana sembra voler trasmettere messaggi simultaneamente all'ostilità ed alla vulnerabilità dell’essere umano.



Ian Ramsay, 1948 | Plein Air /Watercolour painter

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Ian Ramsay was born in Farnborough, Kent, England, educated in England, Canada and the United States.
He received a Masters of Architecture at the University of Utah and is a licensed Utah architect. However, in 1979 he left his career in architecture to become a full time artist.
His work is exclusively watercolor and is, for the most part, in a representational style.








Ramsay has taught watercolor at the Salt Lake Art Center and has demonstrated his technique at many workshops and painting demonstrations around the United States, as well as several times in Japan.
Ian has juried art competitions at the Utah State Fair, the Salt Lake County Fair, The Utah Watercolor Society, the Utah Artist’s Guild, The Sandy Watercolor Society and the Sears Invitational Art Show at Dixie College in St. George, Utah. From 2001 to 2006 he toured Japan, where he displayed his work in eleven cities with the Ecole De Paris Art Gallery of Osaka.

Education
  • Masters of Architecture, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Selected Press;

  • Western Art Collector Magazine, February, 2014;
  • International Artist Magazine, Scottsdale, AZ, 2009..
Selected Exhibitions
  • Ecole De Paris Art  Gallery of Osaka, 2001-2006;
  • Dixie College, Sears Invitational Art Show, St. George, Utah.
Affiliations
  • Utah Water Color Society, Honorary Member, Salt Lake City, UT.
Public Collections
  • Bennington Center for the Arts, Bennington, VT;
  • Springville Museum of Art, Springville, UT.
  • Sears Invitational Art Show, First Prize Watercolor, St. George, UT, 2013;
  • Western Federation of Watercolor Societies, Edward Maule Memorial, Las Vegas, NV, 2012;
  • Utah State Fair, First Place Watercolor, 2011, 2012, 2013;
  • Sears Invitational Art Show, First Prize Watercolor, 2010;
  • Sears Invitational Art Show, Purchase Prize Award, 2010;
  • Utah State Fair, Grand Prize Watercolor 2010;
  • Utah State Fair, Best of Show, 2009;
  • Shenandoah Invitational Art Show, First Place for Water Color, 2009;
  • Utah Watercolor Society, First Prize;
  • Utah Watercolor Society, Award of Excellence.































































Ian Ramsay è nato a Farnborough, nel Kent, in Inghilterra nel 1948. Ha trascorso i suoi primi anni in Gran Bretagna e Canada, ed alla fine si e' stabilito negli Stati Uniti.
Ha conseguito la laurea in architettura presso l'Università di Utah.
Nel 1979 ha lasciato l'architettura per diventare un artista di acquerello a tempo pieno. Da allora ha viaggiato e dipinto ampiamente.
Il suo lavoro è stato esposto in tutto il Stati Uniti, Giappone e Gran Bretagna. Ian ha partecipato a molte giurie e mostre negli Stati Uniti e in Giappone.



Gail Potocki, 1961 | Symbolist painter

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Gail Potocki (born in Detroit, Michigan, U.S.) is an award-winning Symbolist artist utilizing the skills and techniques of the Old Masters in the 21st century. Influenced by 19th-century artists like Fernand Khnopff, Jean Delville, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Potocki's first monograph, The Union of Hope and Sadness: The Art of Gail Potocki was released in the Summer of 2006 and features text by Thomas Negovan, Richard Metzger and Jim Rose of the Jim Rose Circus.
Gail was the First Place winner of the First International Online Symbolist Art Exhibition. Gail currently lives in Chicago.















































Gail Potocki applica le tecniche e l'estetica dei vecchi maestri ed il simbolismo contemporaneo. Ha uno stile personale, denso di stratificazioni concettuali e di significato.
Gail Potocki e' inizia il suo viaggio nel mondo della pittura quando ha circa 40 anni. Un po’ tardi, si potrebbe pensare.
Ebbene: la fama ed i riconoscimenti che quest’artista di Detroit ha ottenuto in pochi anni, sono la dimostrazione che chi segue il proprio percorso individuale non arriva mai in ritardo.
I suoi quadri sono ricchi di elementi mistici o religiosi, simboli di prosperità o di decadenza. La natura e il rapporto che l’uomo ha con essa è il tema più caro a Potocki, quello più ricco di aspetti ambigui e inquietanti.
Insetti ed altri animali che interagiscono con le figure femminili riescono ad avere allo stesso tempo un atteggiamento di complicità e un’estetica quasi satanica.
Le donne al centro di questi scenari, dall’aspetto romantico e dai lineamenti languidi e sensuali, completano il fascino grottesco di queste opere tardive, eppure puntualissime.



Alexander Ilichev, 1958 | Abstract painter

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"When I paint a portrait I create textures, I see to the coloration so that the paint would spread naturally and diversely thus producing an effect of lightness and breadth. I paint spots of color, lines and dots. I know not how to paint psychology, depth of an image or a life lived by someone. And yet in a surprising way this all appears by itself.
A mystery inexplicable for me"Alexander Ilichev.



















EDUCATION

  • The Art Institute in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Ceramic department. 1978-1983;
  • The Art College in Novoaltaisk, Russia. Painting department. 1975-1977;
  • The Pedagogical College in Bijsk, Russia. Graphic department. 1973-1975.
EMPLOYMENT

Studio artist. Electrostal, Moscow area, Russia.
Artistic Counsil in The Krasnoyarsk Creative Production Association of The Russia Union of Artists. 1991-1993.
Department head of The Unit of Young Artists of Krasnoyarsk Organisation of The Russia Union of Artists. 1991-1993;
Member of The Russia Union of Artist since 1990.

EXHIBITIONS
  • Group show. “Open House Salamanca”. Salamanca, Spain. 2014;
  • Personal exhibition «Painting». Electrostal, Moscow region, Russia. 2014;
  • Urban exhibition . Electrostal and Noginsk, Moscow region, Russia. 2002-2013;
  • Group show. Myrna Loy Center, Helena, Montana, USA. 2012;
  • Two person show 'Geniuses and sikarashkies». Electrostal, Moscow region, Russia. 2011;
  • Two person show 'Landscapes'. Moscow, Russia. 2010;
  • Personal exhibition «Flos florum». Electrostal, Moscow region, Russia. 2009;
  • Personal exhibition 'Temples'. Electrostal, Moscow region, Russia. 2008;
  • Personal exhibition 'Portrait'. Noginsk, Moscow region, Russia. 2008;
  • Personal exhibition ' Nude '. Electrostal, Moscow region, Russia. 2007;
  • Two person show 'Portrait'. Electrostal, Moscow region, Russia. 2006;
  • Group show. Leedy-Voulkos Art Center Gallery. Kansas City, Missouri, USA.1995;
  • Woodstack exhibition. Gallery of Visual Art, Missoula, Montana, USA. 1995;
  • Two person show. Holter Museum of Art, Helena, Montana, USA. 1995;
  • Two person show. Bently gallery, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. 1994;
  • Two person show. Northern Arizona University, Art Museum and Gallery, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. 1994;
  • Two person show. Bethel College, Wichita, Kansas, USA. 1994;
  • Two person show. A-style Gallery, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. 1994;
  • Exhibition and auction «Siberia». Art gallery, Osaka, Japan. 1992;
  • The Regional Exhibition «Siberia». Krasnoyarsk, Russia.1991;
  • The Regional Exhibition «Decorative Art in Siberia». Krasnoyarsk, Russia. 1990;
  • «Siberian Fair». Novosibirsk, Russia. 1990;
  • The Republican Exhibition «Youth of Russia». Moscow, Russia. 1989;
  • The City and Krasnoyarsk area Exhibitions. Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Dixon, Russia. Since 1980.





















André Lhote | Cubist painter and sculptor

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André Lhote (1885-1962), French painter of figure subjects, portraits, landscape and still life; also very influential as a teacher and writer on art. Born in Bordeaux. Apprenticed in 1897 to an ornamental sculptor, and also studied decorative sculpture from 1898-1904 at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Bordeaux; began to paint in his spare time. Left the sculpture studio in 1905 to devote himself to painting.










Influenced by Gauguin, then from 1910 by Cézanne. First one-man exhibition at the Galerie Druet, Paris, 1910. Joined the Cubist movement in 1911; exhibited in 1912 at the Salon de la Section d'Or. Applied Cubist stylisation as a formal discipline to scenes from everyday life. In 1917, after discharge from the army, became one of the Cubist group supported by Léonce Rosenberg; also began to write regularly for the Nouvelle Revue Française.
Taught at the Académie Notre-Dame des Champs 1918-20 and afterwards at various other art schools, including one he founded in Montparnasse. Wrote a number of books on art, including La Peinture. Le Cour et l'Esprit 1933 and Traité du Paysage 1939. Died in Paris. | Published in: Ronald Alley, Catalogue of the Tate Gallery's Collection of Modern Art other than Works by British Artists, Tate Gallery and Sotheby Parke-Bernet, London 1981, p.434







































































André Lhote (Bordeaux, 5 luglio 1885 - Parigi, 25 gennaio 1962) è stato un pittore Francese.
Nel 1897, all'età di dodici anni, cominciò l'apprendistato da un mobiliere locale per imparare ad intagliare e a scolpire il legno.
Nel 1898 si iscrisse alla Scuola di Belle Arti di Bordeaux, dove studiò scultura decorativa fino al 1904.
In questi anni dipinse nel tempo libero, finché nel 1905 lasciò definitivamente lo studio della scultura per dedicarsi esclusivamente alla pittura.
Nel 1906 si trasferì a Parigi, dove cominciò ad esporre in importanti saloni e gallerie.
Nelle opere di questo periodo si nota l'influenza che su di lui ebbero Paul Gauguin, Paul Cézanne e i Fauves.
Tuttavia, ben presto Lhote si spostò verso il cubismo, esibendosi in mostre cubiste a partire dal 1912.
Fu soprattutto il rigore costruttivo del movimento cubista ad attrarlo e a fargli sviluppare uno stile razionale e geometrico, cercando contemporaneamente di conservare un legame con la pittura tradizionale, mettendo su tela soggetti figurativi presi dalla vita di tutti i giorni, come ritratti, paesaggi e nature morte.
Lo scoppio della Prima guerra mondiale interruppe momentaneamente il suo lavoro, che riprese dopo il congedo dall'esercito nel 1917, quando tornò a produrre opere in stile cubista.
Nel 1918 fu tra i fondatori della Nouvelle Revue Française, il giornale d'arte a cui contribuì scrivendo articoli fino al 1940.
Lhote è infatti ricordato anche per essere autore di pregevoli scritti teorici sull'arte, come il Trattato della figura, edito nel 1950.
In questi anni tenne molte conferenze ed insegnò in diverse prestigiose accademie e scuole d'arte di Parigi, compresa la scuola da lui fondata a Montparnasse.
Negli ultimi anni della sua vita ricevette numerosi premi per la sua carriera, che continuò con decorazioni e murali, come quelli della facoltà di medicina di Bordeaux eseguiti nel 1957.
André Lhote morì a Parigi il 25 gennaio 1962.



Derek Penix, 1980 | Cityscape /Seascape /Figurative painter

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Derek Penix was born on December 29, 1980 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Growing up Penix was surrounded by artists in his family as his mother and grandfather painted. Penix did not pursue painting until after graduating high school. Penix’s mother encouraged him to pursue his talent and took his paintings down to a local gallery where he sold his first piece.
Through the years Penix has been inspired by old masters such as Nicolai Fechin, Sargent and the French Impressionists, but it has been over the last few years that Penix has been the most influenced by artist Quang Ho. Penix had the opportunity to take a workshop under Mr. Ho and later to study briefly with him. Since then, Penix believes his paintings have grown more in the last two years than in his last ten years of painting.









As an artist Penix gains inspiration from his environment whether that be at the park, in his home, or traveling abroad. He enjoys the freedom to paint different subject matter and has learned to push himself to try new things, even if they are out of his comfort zone.
Penix was recognized in South West Art Magazine's “21 Under 31” artist competition in 2010. He continues to paint full time as a professional artist and strives to advance his skill.

Special Honors/Competitions:

  • BAA 59th Annual Spring Show: Best of Show "The Beach"; 
  • BAA 59th Annual Spring Show: 3rd Place "Boats in the French Riviera"; 
  • Ray Mar: Finalist (March 2012); 
  • Bold Brush: Judge (January 2012); 
  • Ray Mar: Finalist (Dec. 2011); 
  • Oil Painters of America Online Showcase: Finalist (Fall 2011); 
  • Bold Brush: "Best of Show" (October 2011);
  • Bold Brush: Finalist (July 2011); 
  • Bold Brush: Finalist (June 2011); 
  • Ray Mar: Finalist (May 2011); 
  • Southest Art: 21 under 31 Finalist (September 2010);
  • Ray Mar: Finalist (April 2010). 

Education/Workshops:

  • Gay Faulkenberry- Scottsdale Art School. 
  • Quang Ho- Art Student's League of Denver. 

Selected Solo Exhibitions:

  • 2009 One Man Show - Harweldon Mansion, Tulsa, Oklahoma;
  • 2008 One Man Show - Harweldon Mansion, Tulsa, Oklahoma; 
  • 2007 One Man Show - Fine Art and Soul Gallery, Valencia, California; 
  • 2007 One Man Show - Gail Roth Gallery, San Clemente, California; 
  • 2006 One Man Show - Zieglars, Tulsa, Oklahoma; 
  • 2006 One Man Show - Family and Children's Services, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 

Selected Group Exhibitions:

  • 2012 Oil Painters of America's 21st Annual National Juried Exhibition;
  • 2012 Abend Gallery's Artist Show; 
  • 2012 Waterhouse Gallery Small Gems Show;
  • 2011 Abend Gallery 21st Annual Miniature Show;
  • 2011 Waterhouse 6th Great American Figurative Artist Exhibition; 
  • 2008 Guest Artist for Oklahoma Society of Impressionists. 

Publications:

  • Fine Art Views Spotlight: 11/30/2011;
  • Informed Collector Recommends: Issue #698 (August 2011); 
  • Southest Art: 21 under 31 Finalist (September 2010)
  • Western Art Collector (2010); 
  • Performance Magazine (January 2007)
  • Tulsa People Magazine (January 2007).































Ivars Jansons, 1939 | Plein Air painter

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Ivars Jansons was born in Latvia. After completing his secondary education Ivars took up architectural studies where the opportunity arose to express him self artistically so he would often produce small watercolor studies.
In 1964 Ivars turned professional and in 1967 held his first solo exhibition in Green Glades Gallery Melbourne, one of many successful exhibitions which were sold out within an hour of opening. Painting trips locally and interstate were very much a part of Ivars career. In 1969 he painted extensively in New Zealand and in 1972 traveled overseas to expand his knowledge in art. Leonard Fuller was Ivars teacher at the St Ives School of Painting.








Ivars became interested in portraiture and figure work as a result of his studies. However the rugged beauty of the Cornish countryside tempted him to paint his surroundings. After seventeen months abroad studying painting and visiting Europe’s finest galleries Ivars and his family returned to Australia.
In 1988 Ivars launched his first book, Ivars Jansons Oils and Watercolors. Since that time Ivars has been published in many books, held successful exhibitions and received many prestigious awards as he continues his career as an artist. Ivars exhibits at Sorrento and Flinders Fine Art Galleries on the Mornington Peninsula.

"To me, the art of composition and design, or the pictorial arrangement of the subject, is of primary importance. In the initial stages of the painting I attempt to design the underlying shapes of dark and light areas to be bold, simple and pleasing to the eye. If this initial stage has been well conceived, then the painting has a good chance of being successful. One can therefore reason that the initial abstract shapes in the painting are more important than the subject matter itself.
At first sight, a subject may appear very complex, yet there is something within it that is compelling and paint able. The art then is to single out that which interests me most within that complexity and give it prominence on the canvas. Therefore it is quite true to say that for a composition to be interesting and successful it is more important to learn to see better, than to paint better.
Once the focal interest has been decided upon, then the rest of the canvas should support this dominant idea by painting the surroundings less prominently and eliminating all unnecessary detail.
A very important aspect of my art is colour. In fact, this often influences and inspires me to tackle a subject in the first place. Colour seems to have an instant emotional response to me as and artist. For me, the use of colour is also a very important aspect in creating a particular mood, feeling or atmosphere.
So the things that are uppermost in my mind after choosing a subject are the pattern, focal point and colours, and the relationship between the three. If there is success in combining these aspects, and the viewer can share and get pleasure in what I have tried to show in the work, then there is fulfillment for both viewer and artist".


































Jean Metzinger | Cubist painter

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Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (June 24, 1883 - November 3, 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes, developed the theoretical foundations of Cubism. His earliest works, from 1900 to 1904, were influenced by the Neo-impressionism of Georges Seurat and Henri-Edmond Cross. Between 1904 and 1907 Metzinger worked in the Divisionist and Fauvist styles with a strong Cézannian component, leading to some of the first proto-Cubist works.









From 1908 Metzinger experimented with the faceting of form, a style that would soon become known as Cubism. His early involvement in Cubism saw him both as an influential artist and principal theorist of the movement. The idea of moving around an object in order to see it from different view-points is treated, for the first time, in Metzinger's Note sur la Peinture, published in 1910. Before the emergence of Cubism, painters worked from the limiting factor of a single view-point. Metzinger, for the first time, in Note sur la peinture, enunciated the interest in representing objects as remembered from successive and subjective experiences within the context of both space and time. Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote the first major treatise on Cubism in 1912, entitled Du "Cubisme". Metzinger was a founding member of the Section d'Or group of artists.

Metzinger was at the center of Cubism both because of his participation and identification of the movement when it first emerged, because of his role as intermediary among the Bateau-Lavoir group and the Section d'Or Cubists, and above all because of his artistic personality. During the First World War Metzinger furthered his role as a leading Cubist with his co-founding of the second phase of the movement, referred to as Crystal Cubism. He recognized the importance of mathematics in art, through a radical geometrization of form as an underlying architectural basis for his wartime compositions. The establishing of the basis of this new perspective, and the principles upon which an essentially non-representational art could be built, led to La Peinture et ses lois (Painting and its Laws), written by Albert Gleizes in 1922-23. As post-war reconstruction began, a series of exhibitions at Léonce Rosenberg's Galerie de L'Effort Moderne were to highlight order and allegiance to the aesthetically pure. The collective phenomenon of Cubism-now in its advanced revisionist form-became part of a widely discussed development in French culture, with Metzinger at its helm. Crystal Cubism was the culmination of a continuous narrowing of scope in the name of a return to order; based upon the observation of the artists relation to nature, rather than on the nature of reality itself. In terms of the separation of culture and life, this period emerges as the most important in the history of Modernism.

For Metzinger, the classical vision had been an incomplete representation of real things, based on an incomplete set of laws, postulates and theorems. He believed the world was dynamic and changing in time, that it appeared different depending on the point of view of the observer. Each of these viewpoints were equally valid according to underlying symmetries inherent in nature. For inspiration, Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist and one of the principle founders of quantum mechanics, hung in his office a large painting by Metzinger, La Femme au Cheval, a conspicuous early example of 'mobile perspective' implementation (also called simultaneity).
  • Early life
Jean Metzinger came from a prominent military family. His great-grandfather, Nicolas Metzinger (18 May 1769-1838), Captain in the 1st Horse Artillery Regiment, and Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, had served under Napoleon Bonaparte. A street in the Sixième arrondissement of Nantes (Rue Metzinger) was named after Jean's grandfather, Charles Henri Metzinger (10 May 1814 - ?). Following the early death of his father, Eugène François Metzinger, Jean pursued interests in mathematics, music and painting, though his mother, a music professor by the name of Eugénie Louise Argoud, had ambitions of his becoming a medical doctor. Jean's younger brother Maurice (born 24 Oct. 1885) would become a musician, excelling as a cellist. By 1900 Jean was a student at Académie Cours Cambronne in Nantes, working under Hippolyte Touront, a well-known portrait painter who taught an academic, conventional style of painting. Metzinger, however, was interested in the current trends in painting.

Metzinger sent three paintings to the Salon des Indépendants in 1903, and subsequently moved to Paris with the proceeds from their sale. From the age of 20, Metzinger supported himself as a professional painter. He exhibited regularly in Paris from 1903, participating in the first Salon d'Automne the same year and taking part in a group show with Raoul Dufy, Lejeune and Torent, from 19 January-22 February 1903 at the gallery run by Berthe Weill (1865-1951), with another show November 1903. Metzinger exhibited at Berthe Weill's gallery 23 November-21 December 1905 and again 14 January-10 February 1907, with Robert Delaunay, in 1908 (6-31 January) with André Derain, Fernand Léger and Pablo Picasso, and 28 April-28 May 1910 with Derain, Rouault and Kees van Dongen. He would show four more times at Weill's gallery, 17 January-1 February 1913, March 1913, June 1914 and February 1921. It is at Berthe Weill's that he would meet Max Jacob for the first time. Berthe Weill was also the first Parisian art dealer to sell works of Picasso (1906). Along with Picasso and Metzinger, she helped discover Matisse, Derain, Amedeo Modigliani and Utrillo.

In 1904 Metzinger exhibited six paintings in the Divisionist style at the Salon des Indépendants and the Salon d’Automne (where he would show regularly throughout the crucial years of Cubism).

In 1905 Metzinger exhibited eight paintings at Salon des Indépendants. In this exhibition Metzinger is directly associated with the artists soon to be known as Fauves: Camoin, Delaunay, Derain, van Dongen, Dufy, Friesz, Manguin, Marquet, Matisse, Valtat, Vlaminck and others. Matisse is in charge of the hanging committee, assisted by Metzinger, Bonnard, Camoin, Laprade Luce, Manguin, Marquet, Puy and Vallotton.

In 1906 Metzinger exhibits at the Salon des Indépendants. Once again he is elected member of the hanging committee, with Matisse, Signac and others. Again with the Fauves and associated artists, Metzinger exhibits at the 1906 Salon d'Automne, Paris. He exhibits six works at the 1907 Salon des Indépendants, followed by the presentation of two works at the 1907 Salon d'Automne.

In 1906 Metzinger met Albert Gleizes at the Salon des Indépendants, and visited his studio in Courbevoie several days later. In 1907, at Max Jacob's room, Metzinger met Guillaume Krotowsky, who already signed his works Guillaume Apollinaire. In 1908 a poem by Metzinger, Parole sur la lune, was published in Guillaume Apollinaire's La Poésie Symboliste.
From 21 December 1908 to 15 January 1909, Metzinger exhibited at the gallery of Wilhelm Uhde, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs (Paris) with Georges Braque, Sonia Delaunay, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Auguste Herbin, Jules Pascin and Pablo Picasso.

1908 continued with the Salon de la Toison d'Or, Moscow. Metzinger exhibited five paintings with Braque, Derain, van Dongen, Friesz, Manguin, Marquet, Matisse, Puy, Valtat and others. At the 1909 Salon d’Automne Metzinger exhibited alongside Constantin Brâncuși, Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger.
Jean Metzinger married Lucie Soubiron in Paris on 30 December of the same year.
  • Neo-Impressionism, Divisionism
By 1903, Metzinger was a keen participant in the Neo-Impressionist revival led by Henri-Edmond Cross. By 1904-05, Metzinger began to favor the abstract qualities of larger brushstrokes and vivid colors. Following the lead of Seurat and Cross, he began incorporating a new geometry into his works that would free him from the confines of nature as any artwork executed in Europe to date. The departure from naturalism had only just begun. Metzinger, along with Derain, Delaunay, Matisse, between 1905 and 1910, helped revivify Neo-Impressionism, albeit in a highly altered form. In 1906 Metzinger had acquired enough prestige to be elected to the hanging committee of the Salon des Indépendants. He formed a close friendship at this time with Robert Delaunay, with whom he shared an exhibition at Berthe Weill early in 1907. The two of them were singled out by one critic (Louis Vauxcelles) in 1907 as Divisionists who used large, mosaic-like 'cubes' to construct small but highly symbolic compositions.

Robert Herbert writes: "Metzinger's Neo-Impressionist period was somewhat longer than that of his close friend Delaunay. At the Indépendants in 1905, his paintings were already regarded as in the Neo-Impressionist tradition by contemporary critics, and he apparently continued to paint in large mosaic strokes until some time in 1908. The height of his Neo-Impressionist work was in 1906 and 1907, when he and Delaunay did portraits of each other (Art market, London, and Museum of Fine Arts Houston) in prominent rectangles of pigment. (In the sky of Coucher de soleil, 1906-1907, Collection Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller is the solar disk which Delaunay was later to make into a personal emblem)".

The vibrating image of the sun in Metzinger's painting, and so too of Delaunay's Paysage au disque (1906-1907), "is an homage to the decomposition of spectral light that lay at the heart of Neo-Impressionist color theory.".. (Herbert, 1968) (See, Jean Metzinger, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo)

Jean Metzinger's mosaic-like Divisionist technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between Symbolist writers and Neo-Impressionist artists:
I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, circa 1907)

Robert Herbert interprets Metzinger's statement: "What Metzinger meant is that each little tile of pigment has two lives: it exists as a plane whose mere size and direction are fundamental to the rhythm of the painting and, secondly, it also has color which can vary independently of size and placement. This is only a degree beyond the preoccupations of Signac and Cross, but an important one. 
Writing in 1906, Louis Chassevent recognized the difference, and as Daniel Robbins pointed out in his Gleizes catalogue, used the word "cube" which later would be taken up by Louis Vauxcelles to baptize Cubism: "M. Metzinger is a mosaicist like M. Signac but he brings more precision to the cutting of his cubes of color which appear to have been made mechanically". 
The interesting history of the word "cube" goes back at least to May 1901 when Jean Béral, reviewing Cross's work at the Indépendants in Art et Littérature, commented that he "uses a large and square pointillism, giving the impression of mosaic. One even wonders why the artist has not used cubes of solid matter diversely colored: they would make pretty revetments". (Robert Herbert, 1968)

Metzinger, followed closely by Delaunay-the two often painting together, 1906-07-would develop a new sub-style that had great significance shortly thereafter within the context of their Cubist works. Piet Mondrian, in the Netherlands, developed a similar mosaic-like Divisionist technique circa 1909. The Futurists later (1909-1916) would adapt the style, thanks to Gino Severini's Parisian experience (from 1907 onward), into their dynamic paintings and sculpture.

In 1910 Gelett Burgess writes in The Wild Men of Paris: "Metzinger once did gorgeous mosaics of pure pigment, each little square of color not quite touching the next, so that an effect of vibrant light should result. He painted exquisite compositions of cloud and cliff and sea; he painted women and made them fair, even as the women upon the boulevards fair. But now, translated into the idiom of subjective beauty, into this strange Neo-Classic language, those same women, redrawn, appear in stiff, crude, nervous lines in patches of fierce color".

"Instead of copying Nature," Metzinger explained circa 1909, "we create a milieu of our own, wherein our sentiment can work itself out through a juxtaposition of colors. It is hard to explain it, but it may perhaps be illustrated by analogy with literature and music. Your own Edgar Poe (he pronounced it ‘Ed Carpoe’) did not attempt to reproduce Nature realistically. Some phase of life suggested an emotion, as that of horror in ‘The Fall of the House of Ushur’. That subjective idea he translated into art. He made a composition of it".

"So, music does not attempt to imitate Nature’s sounds, but it does interpret and embody emotions awakened by Nature through a convention of its own, in a way to be aesthetically pleasing. In some such way, we, taking out hint from Nature, construct decoratively pleasing harmonies and symphonies of color expression of our sentiment". (Jean Metzinger, c. 1909, The Wild Men of Paris, 1910)
  • Cubism
By 1907 several avant-garde artists in Paris were reevaluating their own work in relation to that of Paul Cézanne. A retrospective of Cézanne's paintings had been held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904. Current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907. Metzinger's interest in the work of Cézanne suggests a means by which Metzinger made the transformation from Divisionism to Cubism. In 1908 Metzinger frequented the Bateau Lavoir and exhibited with Georges Braque at Berthe Weill's gallery. By 1908 Metzinger experimented with the fracturing of form, and soon thereafter with complex multiple views of the same subject.

A critique wrote of Metzinger's work exhibited during the spring of 1909:

If M. J. Metzinger had really realized the "Nude" that we see at Madame Weill's, and wished to demonstrate the value of his work, the schematic figure that he shows us would serve this demonstration. As such, it is a skeletal frame without its flesh; this is better than flesh without a skeletal frame: the spirit at least finds some security. But this excess of abstraction interests us much more than possesses us.

Metzinger's early 1910 style had transited to a robust form of analytical Cubism.

Louis Vauxcelles, in his review of the 26th Salon des Indépendants (1910), made a passing and imprecise reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, Léger and Le Fauconnier, as "ignorant geometers, reducing the human body, the site, to pallid cubes".

In 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger, Gleizes, Fernand Léger and Robert Delaunay, a longstanding friend and associate of Metzinger. They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier's studio on rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, near the Boulevard de Montparnasse. Together with other young painters, the group wanted to emphasize a research into form, in opposition to the Divisionist, or Neo-Impressionist, emphasis on color. Metzinger, Gleizes, Le Fauconnier, Delaunay, Léger and Marie Laurencin were shown together in Room 41 of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants, which provoked the 'involuntary scandal' out of which Cubism emerged and spread in Paris, in France and throughout the world. Laurencin was included at the suggestion of Guillaume Apollinaire who had become an enthusiastic supporter of the new group despite his earlier reservations. Both Metzinger and Gleizes were discontent with the conventional perspective, which they felt gave only a partial idea of a subject's form as experienced in life. The idea that a subject could be seen in movement and from many different angles was born.

In Room 7 and 8 of the 1911 Salon d'Automne (1 October - 8 November) at the Grand Palais in Paris, hung works by Metzinger (Le goûter (Tea Time)), Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger, Albert Gleizes, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Lhote, Jacques Villon, Marcel Duchamp, František Kupka and Francis Picabia. The result was a public scandal which brought Cubism to the attention of the general public for the second time. Apollinaire took Picasso to the opening of the exhibition in 1911 to see the cubist works in Room 7 and 8.

While Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque are generally acknowledged as the founders of the twentieth-century movement that became known as Cubism, it was Jean Metzinger, together with Albert Gleizes, that created the first major treatise on the new art-form, Du "Cubisme", in preparation for the Salon de la Section d'Or held in October 1912. Du "Cubisme", published the same year by Eugène Figuière in Paris, represented the first theoretical interpretation, elucidation and justification of Cubism, and was endorsed by both Picasso and Braque. Du "Cubisme", which preceded Apollinaire's well known essays, Les Peintres Cubistes (published 1913), emphasized the Platonic belief that the mind is the birthplace of the idea: "to discern a form is to verify a pre-existing idea", and that "The only error possible in art is imitation" [La seule erreur possible en art, c'est l'imitation].

Du "Cubisme" quickly gained popularity running through fifteen editions the same year and translated into several European languages including Russian and English (the following year).

Apollinaire wrote in Les Peintres Cubistes:
In drawing, in composition, in the judiciousness of contrasted forms, Metzinger's works have a style which sets them apart from, and perhaps even above most of the works of his contemporaries... It was then that Metzinger, joining Picasso and Braque, founded the Cubist City... There is nothing unrealized in the art of Metzinger, nothing which is not the fruit of a rigorous logic. A painting by Metzinger always contains its own explanation ... it is certainly the result of great hindmindedness and is something unique it seems to me, in the history of art.

Apollinaire continues:
The new structures he is composing are stripped of everything that was known before him... Each of his paintings contains a judgement of the universe, and his work is like the sky at night: when, cleared of the clouds, it trembles with lovely lights. There is nothing unrealized in Metzinger's works: poetry ennobles their slightest details.

Jean Metzinger, through the intermediary of Max Jacob, met Apollinaire in 1907. Metzinger's 1909-10 Portrait de Guillaume Apollinaire, is as important a work in the history of Cubism as it was in Apollinaire's own life. In his Anecdotiques of 16 October 1911, the poet proudly states: "I am honored to be the first model of a Cubist painter, Jean Metzinger, for a portrait exhibited in 1910 at the Salon des Indépendants". So according to Apollinaire it was not only the first cubist portrait, but it was also the first great portrait of the poet exhibited in public.

Two works directly preceding Apollinaire's portrait, Nu and Landscape, circa 1908 and 1909 respectively, indicate that Metzinger had already departed from Divisionism by 1908. Turning his attention fully towards the geometric abstraction of form, Metzinger allowed the viewer to reconstruct the original volume mentally and to imagine the object within space. His concerns for color that had assumed a primary role both as a decorative and expressive device before 1908 had given way to the primacy of form. But his monochromatic tonalities would last only until 1912, when both color and form would boldly combine to produce such works as Dancer in a café (Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo New York). "The works of Jean Metzinger" Apollinaire writes in 1912 "have purity. His meditations take on beautiful forms whose harmony tends to approach sublimity. The new structures he is composing are stripped of everything that was known before him".

As a resident of la Butte Montmartre in Paris, Metzinger entered the circle of Picasso and Braque (in 1908). "It is to the credit of Jean Metzinger, at the time, to have been the first to recognize the commencement of the Cubist Movement as such" writes S. E. Johnson, "Metzinger's portrait of Apollinaire, the poet of the Cubist Movement, was executed in 1909 and, as Apollinaire himself has pointed out in his book The Cubist Painters (written in 1912 and published in 1913), Metzinger, following Picasso and Braque, was chronologically the third Cubist artist.
  • Crystal Cubism
Metzinger's evolution toward synthesis in 1914-15 has its origins in the configuration of flat squares, trapezoidal and rectangular planes that overlap and interweave, a "new perspective" in accord with the "laws of displacement". In the case of Le Fumeur Metzinger filled in these simple shapes with gradations of color, wallpaper-like patterns and rhythmic curves. So too in Au Vélodrome. But the underlying armature upon which all is built is palpable. Vacating these non-essential features would lead Metzinger on a path towards Soldier at a Game of Chess (1914-15), and a host of works created after the artist's demobilization as a medical orderly during the war, such as L'infirmière (The Nurse) location unknown, and Femme au miroir, private collection.

Before Maurice Raynal (fr) coined the term Crystal Cubism, one critic by the name of Aloës Duarvel, writing in L'Élan, referred to Metzinger's entry exhibited at Galerie Bernheim-Jeune (28 December 1915 - 15 January 1916) as 'jewellery' ("joaillerie").

For Metzinger, the Crystal period was synonymous with a return to "a simple, robust art". Crystal Cubism represented an opening up of possibilities. His belief was that technique should be simplified and that the "trickery" of chiaroscuro should abandoned, along with the "artifices of the palette". He felt the need to do without the "multiplication of tints and detailing of forms without reason, by feeling":

Eventually all the Cubists (except for Gleizes, Delaunay and a handful of others) would return to some form of classicism at the end of World War I. Even so, the lessons of Cubism would not be forgotten.

Metzinger's departure from Cubism circa 1918 would leave open the 'spatial' susceptibility to classical observation, but the 'form' could only be grasped by the 'intelligence' of the observer, something that escaped classical observation.

In a letter to Léonce Rosenberg (September 1920) Jean Metzinger wrote of a return to nature that appeared to him both constructive and not at all a renunciation of Cubism. His exhibition at l'Effort Moderne at the outset of 1921 was exclusively of landscapes: his formal vocabulary remained rhythmic, linear perspective was avoided. There was a motivation to unite the pictorial and the natural. Christopher Green writes: "The willingness to adapt Cubist language to the look of nature was quickly to affect his figure painting too. From that exhibition of 1921 Metzinger continued to cultivate a style that was not only less obscure, but clearly took subject-matter as its starting point far more than an abstract play with flat pictorial elements". 

Green continues:
Yet, style, in the sense of his own special way of handling form and color, remained for Metzinger the determining factor, something imposed on his subjects to give them their special pictorial character. His sweet, rich colour between 1921 and 1924 was unashamedly artificial, and is itself symptomatic of the fact that his return to lucid representation did not mean a return to nature approached naturalistically... Metzinger himself, writing in 1922 [published by Montparnasse] could claim quite confidently that this was not at all a betrayal of Cubism but a development within it. 'I know works,' he said, 'whose thoroughly classical appearance conveys the most personal [the most original] the newest conceptions... Now that certain Cubists have pushed their constructions so far as to take in clearly objective appearances, it has been declared that Cubism is dead [in fact] it approaches realization.'

The strict constructive ordering that had become so pronounced in Metzinger's pre-1920 Cubist works continued throughout the subsequent decades, in the careful positioning of form, color, and in the way in which Metzinger delicately assimilates the union of figure and background, of light and shadow. This can be seen in many figures: From the division (in two) of the model's features emerges a subtle profile view-resulting from a free and mobile perspective used by Metzinger to some extent as early as 1908 to constitute the image of a whole-one that includes the fourth dimension.

Both as a painter and theorist of the Cubist movement, Metzinger was at the forefront. It was too Metzinger's role as a mediator between the general public, Picasso, Braque and other aspiring artists (such as Gleizes, Delaunay, Le Fauconnier and Léger) that places him directly at the center of Cubism:

"Jean Metzinger" writes Daniel Robbins "was at the center of Cubism, not only because of his role as intermediary among the orthodox Montmartre group and right bank or Passy Cubists, not only because of his great identification with the movement when it was recognized, but above all because of his artistic personality. His concerns were balanced; he was deliberately at the intersection of high intellectuality and the passing spectacle".
  • Theory
Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote with reference to non-Euclidean geometry in their 1912 manifesto, Du "Cubisme". It was argued that Cubism itself was not based on any geometrical theory, but that non-Euclidean geometry corresponded better than classical, or Euclidean geometry, to what the Cubists were doing. The essential was in the understanding of space other than by the classical method of perspective; an understanding that would include and integrate the fourth dimension with 3-space.

Though the rupture with the past seemed total, there was still within the avant-garde something of the past. Metzinger, for example, writes in a Pan article, two years before the publication of Du "Cubisme" that the greatest challenge to the modern artist is not to 'cancel' tradition, but to accept "it is in us," acquired by living. It was the combination of the past (himself inspired by Ingres and Seurat) with the present, and its progression into the future that most intrigued Metzinger. Observed was the tendency; a "balance between the pursuit of the transient and the mania for the eternal. But the result would be an unstable equilibrium. The domination would no longer be of the external world. The progression was from the specific to the universal, from the special to the general, from the physical to the temporary, towards a complete synthesis of the whole-however unattainable-towards an 'elemental common denominator' (to use the words of Daniel Robbins).

Whereas Cézanne had been influential to the development of Metzinger's Cubism between 1908 and 1911, during its most expressionistic phase, the work of Seurat would once again attract attention from the Cubists and Futurists between 1911 and 1914, when flatter geometric structures were being produced. What the Cubists found attractive, according to Apollinaire, was the manner in which Seurat asserted an absolute "scientific clarity of conception". The Cubists observed in his mathematical harmonies, geometric structuring of motion and form, the primacy of idea over nature (something the Symbolists had recognized). In their eyes, Seurat had "taken a fundamental step toward Cubism by restoring intellect and order to art, after Impressionism had denied them" (to use the words of Herbert). 
The "Section d'Or" group founded by some of the most prominent Cubists was in effect an homage to Seurat. Within the works by Seurat-of cafés, cabarets and concerts, of which the avant-garde were fond-the Cubists' discovered an underlying mathematical harmony: one that could easily be transformed into mobile, dynamical configurations.
The idea of moving around an object in order to see it from different view-points is treated in Du "Cubisme" (1912). It was also a central idea of Jean Metzinger's Note sur la Peinture, 1910; Indeed, prior to Cubism painters worked from the limiting factor of a single view-point. And it was Jean Metzinger, for the first time in Note sur la peinture who enunciated the stimulating interest in representing objects as remembered from successive and subjective experiences within the context of both space and time. In that article, Metzinger notes that Braque and Picasso "discarded traditional perspective and granted themselves the liberty of moving around objects". This is the concept of "mobile perspective" that would tend towards the representation of the "total image".

Metzinger's Note sur la peinture not only highlighted the works of Picasso and Braque, on the one hand, Le Fauconnier and Delaunay on the other, but it was also a tactical selection that highlighted the fact that only Metzinger himself was positioned to write about all four. Metzinger, uniquely, had been closely acquainted with the gallery cubists and the burgeoning salon cubists simultaneously.

Though the idea of moving around objects to capture several angles at the same time would shock the public they eventually came to accept it, as they came to accept the 'atomist' representation of the universe as a multitude of dots consisting of primary colors. Just as each color is modified by its relation to adjacent colors within the context of Neo-Impressionist color theory, so too the object is modified by the geometric forms adjacent to it within the context of Cubism. The concept of 'mobile perspective' is essentially an extension of a similar principle stated in Paul Signac's D'Eugène Delacroix au néo-impressionisme, with respect to color. Only now, the idea is extended to deal with questions of form. (See Jean Metzinger, 1912, Dancer in a café).

Cubism by 1912 had abstracted almost to the point of total non-representation. In Du "Cubisme" Metzinger and Gleizes had realized that figurative aspects of the new art could be abandoned:

"we visit an exhibition to contemplate painting, not to enlarge our knowledge of geography, anatomy etc. [...] 'Let the picture imitate nothing; let it nakedly present its motive, and we should indeed be ungrateful were we to deplore the absence of all those things - flowers or landscapes or faces - of which it could never have been anything other than a reflection'. Though Metzinger and Gleizes hesitate to do away with nature entirely: 'Nevertheless, let us admit that the reminiscence of natural forms cannot be absolutely banished; as yet, at all events. An art cannot be raised all at once to the level of a pure effusion.' [...] 'This is understood by the Cubist painters, who tirelessly study pictorial form and the space which it engenders'.

One of the essential arguments of Du "Cubisme", was that knowledge of the world is to be gained through 'sensations' alone. Classical figurative painting offered only one point of view, a restrained 'sensation' of the world, limited to the sensation of a motionless human being who sees only that which is in front of him from a single point in space frozen in a moment of time (time was absolute in the Newtonian sense and separate from the spatial dimensions). But the human being is mobile and dynamic, occupying both space and to time. The observer sees the world from a multitude of angles (not one unique angle) forming a continuum of sensations in constant evolution, i.e., events and natural phenomena are observed in a continuum of constant change. Just as the formulations of Euclidean geometry, classical perspective is only a 'convention' (Henri Poincaré's term), rendering the phenomena of nature more palpable, susceptible to thought and understandable. Yet these classical conventions obscured the truth of our sensations, and consequently, the truth of our own human nature was limited. The world was seen as an abstraction, as Ernst Mach implied. In this sense, it could be argued that classical painting, with its immobile perspective and Euclidean geometry, was an abstraction, not an accurate representation of the real world.

What made Cubism progressive and truly modern, according to Metzinger and Gleizes, was its new geometric armature; with that it broke free from the immobility of 3-dimensional Euclidean geometry and attained a dynamic representation of the 4-dimensional continuum in which we live, a better representation of reality, of life's experience, something that could be grasped through the senses (not through the eye) and expressed onto a canvas.

In Du "Cubisme" Metzinger and Gleizes write that we can only know our sensations, not because they reject them as a means of inspiration. On the contrary, because understanding our sensations more deeply gave them the primary inspiration for their own work. Their attack on classical painting was leveled precisely because the sensations it offered were poor in comparison with the richness and diversity of the sensations offered by the natural world it wished to imitate. The reason classical painting fell short of its goal, according to Metzinger and Gleizes, is that it attempted to represent the real world as a moment in time, in the belief that it was 3-dimensional and geometrically Euclidean.
  • Scientific aspects

The question of whether the theoretical aspects of Cubism enunciated by Metzinger and Gleizes bore any relation to the development in science at the beginning of the twentieth century has been vigorously disputed by art critics, historians and scientists alike. Yet in Du "Cubisme" Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes articulate: "If we wished to relate the space of the [Cubist] painters to geometry, we should have to refer it to the non-Euclidean mathematicians; we should have to study, at some length, certain of Riemann's theorems".

There was, after all, little to prevent the Cubists from developing their own pictorial variants on the topological space in parallel to (or independently of) relativistic considerations. Though the concept of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously (multiple or mobile perspective) developed by Metzinger and Gleizes was not derived directly from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, it was certainly influenced in a similar way, through the work of Jules Henri Poincaré (particularly Science and Hypothesis), the French mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher of science, who made many fundamental contributions to algebraic topology, celestial mechanics, quantum theory and made an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.

A multitude of analogies, similarities or parallels have been drawn over the decades between modern science and Cubism. But there has not always been agreement as to how the writings of Metzinger and Gleizes should be interpreted, with respect to 'simultaneity' of multiple view-points.

Metzinger had already written in 1910 of 'mobile perspective', as an interpretation of what would soon be dubbed "Cubism" with respect to Picasso, Braque, Delaunay and Le Fauconnier (Metzinger, Note sur la peinture, Pan, Paris, Oct-Nov 1910). And Apollinaire would echo the same tune a year later regarding the observer's state of motion. Mobile perspective was akin to "cinematic" movement around an object that consisted of a plastic truth compatible with reality by showing the spectator "all its facets". Gleizes too, the same year, remarks, Metzinger is "haunted by the desire to inscribe a total image [...] He will put down the greatest number of possible planes: to purely objective truth he wishes to add a new truth, born from what his intelligence permits him to know. Thus-and he said himself: to space he will join time. [...] he wishes to develop the visual field by multiplying it, to inscribe them all in the space of the same canvas: it is then that the cube will play a role, for Metzinger will utilize this means to reestablish the equilibrium that these audacious inscriptions will have momentarily broken".

Poincaré's writings, unlike Einstein's, were well known leading up to and during the crucial years of the Cubism (roughly between 1908 and 1914). Note that Poincaré's widely read book, La Science et l'Hypothèse, was published in 1902 (by Flammarion).

The common denominator between the special relativistic notions-the lack an absolute reference frame, metric transformations of the Lorenzian type, the relativity of simultaneity, the incorporation of the time dimension with three spatial dimensions-and the Cubist idea of mobile perspective (observing the subject from several view-points simultaneously) published by Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes was, in effect, a descendant from the work of Poincaré and others, at least from the theoretical standpoint. Whether the concept of mobile perspective accurately describes the work of Picasso and Braque (or other Cubists') is certainly debatable. Undoubtedly though, both Metzinger and Gleizes implemented the theoretical principles derived in Du "Cubisme" onto canvas; something clearly visible in their works produced at the time.

Metzinger's early interests in mathematics are documented. He was likely familiar with the works of Gauss, Riemann and Poincaré (and perhaps Galilean relativity) prior to the development of Cubism: something that reflects in his pre-1907 works. It was perhaps the French mathematician Maurice Princet who introduced the work of Poincaré, along with the concept of the fourth spatial dimension, to artists at the Bateau-Lavoir. He was a close associate of Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Jean Metzinger and Marcel Duchamp. Princet is known as "le mathématicien du cubisme". Princet brought to attention of these artists a book entitled Traité élémentaire de géométrie à quatre dimensions by Esprit Jouffret (1903) a popularization of Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis. In this book Jouffret described hypercubes and complex polyhedra in four dimensions projected onto a two-dimensional page. Princet became estranged from the group after his wife left him for André Derain. However, Princet would remain close to Metzinger and participate in meetings of the Section d'Or in Puteaux. He gave informal lectures to the artists, many of whom were passionate about mathematical order. In 1910, Metzinger said of him, "[Picasso] lays out a free, mobile perspective, from which that ingenious mathematician Maurice Princet has deduced a whole geometry".

Later, Metzinger wrote in his memoirs (Le Cubisme était né):

Maurice Princet joined us often. Although quite young, thanks to his knowledge of mathematics he had an important job in an insurance company. But, beyond his profession, it was as an artist that he conceptualized mathematics, as an aesthetician that he invoked n-dimensional continuums. He loved to get the artists interested in the new views on space that had been opened up by Schlegel and some others. He succeeded at that.

Louis Vauxcelles sarcastically dubbed Princet "the father of cubism": "M. Princet has studied at length non-Euclidean geometry and the theorems of Riemann, of which Gleizes and Metzinger speak... Princet one day met M. Max Jacob and confided him one or two of his discoveries relating to the fourth dimension. M. Jacob informed the ingenious Picasso of it, and Picasso saw there a possibility of new ornamental schemes. Picasso explained his intentions to Apollinaire, who hastened to write them up in formularies and codify them. The thing spread and propagated. Cubism, the child of M. Princet, was born". (Vauxcelles, December 29, 1918).

In addition to mathematics, both human sensation and intelligence were important to Metzinger. It was lack of the latter human attribute that the principle theorists of Cubism were to reproach the Impressionists and Fauves, for whom sensation was the sole necessity. Intelligence had to work in harmony with sensation, thus together providing the building blocks for the Cubists construction. Metzinger, with his mathematical education and prowess had realized this relation early on. Indeed, the geometrization of space that would characterize Cubism can already be observed in his works as early as 1905, following the lead of Seurat and Cézanne. (See Jean Metzinger, 1905-1906, Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape, oil on canvas, 116 x 88.8 cm).

For Metzinger, along with to some extent both Gleizes and Malevich, the classical vision had been an incomplete representation of real things, based on an incomplete set of laws, postulates and theorems. It represented, quite simply, the belief that space is the only thing that separates two points. It was the belief in the geocentric reality of the observable world, unchanging and immobile. The Cubists had been delighted to discover that the world was in reality dynamic, changing in time, it appeared different depending on the point of view of the observer. And yet each one of these viewpoints were equally valid, there was no preferred reference frame, all reference frames were equal. This underlying symmetry inherent in nature, in fact, is the essence of Einstein's relativity.
  • Influence on quantum mechanics

On the question as to whether creativity in the domain of science has ever been influenced by art, Arthur I. Miller, author of Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time and the Beauty that Causes Havoc (2002), answers: "Cubism directly helped Niels Bohr discover the principle of complementarity in quantum theory, which says that something can be a particle and a wave at the same time, but it will always be measured to be either one or the other. In analytic cubism, artists tried to represent a scene from all possible viewpoints on one canvas. [...] How you view the painting, that’s the way it is. Bohr read the book by Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes on cubist theory, Du Cubisme. It inspired him to postulate that the totality of an electron is both a particle and a wave, but when you observe it you pick out one particular viewpoint".

Niels Bohr (1885-1962), the Danish physicist and one of the principle founders of quantum mechanics, had indeed hung in his office a large painting by Jean Metzinger, La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-12 (now in the Statens Museum for Kunst, National Gallery of Denmark). This work is one of Metzinger's most conspicuous early examples of 'mobile perspective' implementation. Bohr's interest in Cubism, according to Miller, was anchored in the writings of Metzinger. Arthur Miller concludes: "If cubism is the result of the science in Art, the quantum theory is the result of art in science".

In the epistemological words of Bohr, 1929:

...depending upon our arbitrary point of view...we must, in general, be prepared to accept the fact that a complete elucidation of one and the same object may require diverse points of view which defy a unique description. (Niels Bohr, 1929)

Within the context of Cubism, artists were forced into the position of re-evaluating the role of the observer. Classical linear and aerial perspective, uninterrupted surface transitions and chiaroscuro were pushed aside. What remained was a series of images obtained by the observer (the artist) in different frames of reference as the object was being painted. Essentially, observations became linked through a system of coordinate transformations. The result was Metzinger's 'total image' or a combination of successive images. In Metzinger's theory, the artist and the object being observed became equivocally linked so that the results of any observation seemed to be determined, at least partially, by actual choices made by the artist. "An object has not one absolute form; it has many," Metzinger wrote. Furthermore, part of the role of placing together various images was left to the observer (the one looking at the painting). The object represented, depending on how the observer perceives it, could have as many forms "as there are planes in the region of perception". (Jean Metzinger, 1912)
  • Exhibitions, students and later work

Jean Metzinger, invitation card for the exhibition at Léonce Rosenberg's Galerie de L'Effort Moderne, January 1919
On 19 June 1916 Metzinger signed a three-year contract (later renewed for 15 years) with the dealer, art collector and gallery owner Léonce Rosenberg. The agreement gave full rights for exhibitions and sales of Metzinger's production to Rosenberg. The contract fixed the prices of Metzinger's works bought by Rosenberg, who agreed to purchase a certain number of works (or a fixed value) every month. A contract between the two dated 1 January 1918 modified the first contract; the engagement was now renewable every two years, and prices of Metzinger's works purchased by Rosenberg increased.

In 1923 Metzinger moved away from Cubism towards realism, while still retaining elements of his earlier Cubist style. In subsequent stages of his career another important change is noticeable, from 1924 to 1930: a development that paralleled the 'mechanical world' of Fernand Léger. Throughout these years Metzinger continued to retain his own marked artistic individuality. These firmly constructed pictures are brightly colored and visually metaphoric, consisting of urban and still-life subject-matter, with clear references to science and technology. At the same time he was romantically involved with a young Greek woman, Suzanne Phocas. The two were married in 1929. After 1930, until his death in 1956, Metzinger turned towards a more classical or decorative approach to painting with elements of Surrealism, still concerned with questions of form, volume, dimension, relative position and relationship of figures, along with visible geometric properties of space. Metzinger was commissioned to paint a large mural, Mystique of Travel, which he executed for the Salle de Cinema in the railway pavilion of the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne, Paris 1937.

Jean Metzinger had been appointed to teach at the Académie de La Palette, in Paris, 1912, where Le Fauconnier served as director. Among his many students were Serge Charchoune, Jessica Dismorr, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Varvara Stepanova, Aristarkh Lentulov, Vera Efimovna Pestel and Lyubov Popova. In 1913 Metzinger taught at the Académie Arenius and Académie de la Grande Chaumière. He later moved to Bandol in Provence where he lived until 1943 and then returned to Paris where he was given a teaching post for three years at the Académie Frochot in 1950.

In 1913 Metzinger exhibited in New York City at the Exhibition of Cubist and Futurist Pictures, Boggs & Buhl Department Store, Pittsburgh. The show traveled to four other cities; Milwaukee, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, over the course of one year. The Milwaukee exhibition of Cubist works-including paintings by Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Marcel Duchamp and Jacques Villon-opened 11 May 1913. Metzinger's Man with a Pipe was reproduced on the cover of catalogue for the exhibition. Though he did not exhibit with his Cubist colleagues at the Armory Show of 1913, Metzinger contributed, through this exhibition and others, toward the integration of modern art into the United States.

During the spring of 1916 Metzinger participated in one of the largest exhibitions of modern art in New York City organized by Walter Pach and a group of European and American artists in New York; The Annual Exhibition of Modern Art, held at Bourgeois Gallery. Initially, some American exhibitors were offended by the 'continental' nature of the show, but as Pack informed Matisse, "the petty nationalism that had one had tried to throw inside had failed to advance, and I am certain of that". The exhibition included works by Cézanne, Matisse, Duchamp, Picasso, Seurat, Signac, van Gogh, Duchamp-Villon, in addition to works by Pach, the Italian-born American Futurist painter Joseph Stella, and other American artists.

Metzinger again exhibited in New york at the Bourgeois Gallery for the occasion of the 1917 and 1919 Annual Exhibition of Modern Art.

Further exhibitions: 6-31 January 1919 Metzinger had a solo exhibition at Léonce Rosenberg's Galerie de L'Effort Moderne, and again 1-25 February 1921, in addition to participating in various group exhibitions. He would exhibit regularly at L'Effort Moderne throughout the 1920s. The same year he showed in New York with Jean Crotti, Marcel Duchamp, and Albert Gleizes at the Montross Gallery (where the Frenchmen became known as The Four Musketeers). Among his solo exhibitions were those at the Leicester Galleries in London in 1930, the Hanover Gallery in London in 1932, the Arts Club of Chicago in 1953 (for which he traveled to the United States on the transatlantic ocean liner Le Flandre) and International Galleries, Chicago, 1964. In 1985-1986, a retrospective of Metzinger's works, Jean Metzinger in Retrospect, took place at The University of Iowa Museum of Art, and traveled to Archer M. Huntington Art Gallery University of Texas at Austin, The David Alfred Smart Gallery University of Chicago, and Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Metzinger, a sensitive and intelligent theoretician of Cubism, sought to communicate the principles of this movement through his paintings as well as his writings. (Lucy Flint, Peggy Guggenheim Collection)

Many exhibitions document the painter's national and international success. His works can be found in private and public collections and institutions around the world.
The artist died in Paris on November 3, 1956.
  • Legacy
In the words of S.E. Johnson, an in-depth analysis of Metzinger's Pre-Cubist period-his first artistic peak -"can only class that painter, in spite of his youth, as being already one of the leading artistic personalities in that period directly preceding Cubism. [...] 
In an attempt to understand the importance of Jean Metzinger in Modern Art, we could limit ourselves to three considerations. Firstly, there is the often overlooked importance of Metzinger's Divisionist Period of 1900-1908. Secondly, there is the role of Metzinger in the founding of the Cubist School. Thirdly, there is the consideration of Metzinger's whole Cubist Period from 1909 to 1930. 
In taking into account these various factors, we can understand why Metzinger must be included among that small group of artists who have taken a part in the shaping of Art History in the first half of the Twentieth Century". | Source: © Wikipedia
































































Jean Metzinger, nato come Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger, (Nantes, 24 giugno 1883 - Parigi, 23 novembre 1956), è stato un pittore, scrittore e poeta francese.
I suoi primi dipinti appaiono influenzati dal neoimpressionismo di Georges Seurat e Henri-Edmond Cross. Fra il 1904-1907, Metzinger dipinse secondo l'influenza del divisionismo e del fauvismo, mentre dal 1908 abbracciò il cubismo sia come artista che uno fra i principali teorici della corrente pittorica. Jean Metzinger e Albert Gleizes scrissero il primo importante trattato sul cubismo nel 1912 e Metzinger fu uno dei membri fondatori del gruppo di artisti chiamato Section d'Or.
  • I primi anni
Jean Metzinger proveniva da una eminente famiglia con tradizioni militari. Il suo bisnonno, Nicolas Metzinger (capitano del I Reggimento artiglieria a cavallo e cavaliere della Legion d'Onore), combatté sotto Napoleone Bonaparte.
A seguito della prematura morte del padre, Eugène Francois Metzinger, Jean mostrò interessi per la matematica e la pittura. Dal 1900 studiò alla Académie des Beaux-Arts di Nantes, con Hippolyte Touront, un noto ritrattista di stile convenzionale, anche se Jean Metzinger dimostrò subito di essere interessato alle nuove correnti pittoriche.

Metzinger inviò tre suoi dipinti al Salon des Indépendants nel 1903 e si spostò quindi a Parigi per seguirne la vendita. Dall'età di venti anni riuscì a mantenersi con gli introiti della sua attività di pittore professionista. Egli espose regolarmente i suoi quadri a iniziare dal 1903, partecipando al primo Salon d'Automne nello stesso anno in cui entrò a far parte di un gruppo di artisti come Raoul Dufy, Lejeune e Torent, che esponevano in una galleria gestita da Berthe Weill (1865-1951). Metzinger fece ulteriori mostre alla galleria Berthe Weill nel 1907, con Robert Delaunay, nel 1908 con Marie Laurencin e nel 1910 con Derain, Rouault e Kees Van Dongen. E fu da Berthe Weill che incontrò Max Jacob per la prima volta. Berthe Weill fu anche la prima gallerista parigina a vendere opere di Pablo Picasso (1906). Assieme a Picasso e Metzinger, ella contribuì alla scoperta di Matisse, Derain, Amedeo Modigliani e Utrillo.

Nel 1904 Metzinger espose diversi suoi lavori, nuovamente al Salon des Indépendants ed al Salon d'Automne (dove espose regolarmente per tutta la sua vita). Nel 1906 Metzinger incontrò Albert Gleizes al Salon des Indépendants, e visitò il suo studio a Courbevoie alcuni giorni dopo. Nel 1908 pubblicò un poema dal titolo Parole sur la lune, nell'antologia di Guillaume Apollinaire, La Poésie Symboliste.
Al Salon d'Automne del 1909 Metzinger espose sue opere assieme a quelle di Constantin Brancusi, Henri Le Fauconnier e Fernand Léger.
Jean sposò Lucie Soubiron a Parigi il 30 dicembre dello stesso anno.
  • Neoimpressionismo - divisionismo
Dal 1903, Metzinger fu un esponente di spicco del nascente stile neo-impressionista guidato da Henri Edmond Cross. Nel periodo 1904-05, Metzinger cominciò a preferire le qualità astratte di grandi pennellate e di colori vivaci. Seguendo l'esempio di Seurat e Cross, diede inizio ad una nuova geometria che lo avrebbe liberato dai confini della natura come qualsiasi opera d'arte eseguita in Europa fino ad allora. L'inizio del naturalismo era appena partito e Metzinger, assieme a Derain, Delaunay, Matisse, tra il 1905-1910, contribuì a ravvivare il neoimpressionismo, anche se in una forma altamente alterata. Nel 1906 Metzinger aveva acquisito prestigio sufficiente per essere eletto al comitato del Salon des Indépendants. Srinse una solida amicizia con Robert Delaunay, con il quale condivise una mostra alla galleria Berthe Weill all'inizio del 1907. I due vennero definiti, dal critico Louis Vauxcelles nel 1907, come "divisionisti che utilizzano grandi cubi a forma di mosaico per realizzare piccole composizioni, ma altamente simboliche".

Robert Herbert scrisse: "Il periodo di Metzinger come neoimpressionista fu un po' più lungo di quello del suo caro amico Delaunay. Alla Indépendants del 1905, i suoi dipinti sono stati già considerati in stile neoimpressionista tradizione dalla critica contemporanea, e lui a quanto pare continua a dipingere in cubi di mosaico di grandi dimensioni fino al 1908. L'apice dei suoi lavori neoimpressionisti lo raggiunse nel 1906 e nel 1907, quando lui e Delaunay si fecero dei ritratti l'uno dell'altro (Art market, Londra, e Museum of Fine Arts di Houston) utilizzando pigmenti in piccoli rettangoli (nel cielo di Couchée de soleil, 1906-1907, Collezione Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller nel disco solare, che Delaunay trasformerà poi in un emblema personale.)"

L'immagine vibrante del sole nella pittura di Metzinger, come anche in quella di Delaunay in Paysage au disque (1906-1907), "è un omaggio alla scomposizione dello spettro della luce che si trovava al centro della teoria neoimpressionista del colore "... (Herbert, 1968) (Cfr., Jean Metzinger, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo)

La tecnica divisionista, simile ad un mosaico, di Jean Metzinger ha un parallelo in letteratura; una caratteristica del collegamento fra scrittori simbolisti e artisti neoimpressionisti:

« Chiedo alla pennellata divisa non la rappresentazione oggettiva della luce, ma iridescenze e alcuni aspetti di colore ancora estranei alla pittura. Faccio una sorta di versificazione cromatica e per le sillabe io uso colpi che, variabili in quantità, non possono differire in dimensione senza modificare il ritmo di una fraseologia pittorica destinata a tradurre le diverse emozioni suscitate dalla natura» (Jean Metzinger, circa 1907)

Robert Herbert interpreta una dichiarazione di Metzinger:

«Ciò che Metzinger vuol significare è che ogni piastrella con un po' di pigmento ha due vite: essa esiste come un piano la cui mera dimensione e la direzione sono fondamentali per il ritmo della pittura e, dall'altro, ha anche il colore che può variare indipendentemente dalla dimensione e il posizionamento. Questo è solo un po' oltre le preoccupazioni di Signac e Cross, ma importante. Scrivendo nel 1906, Louis Chassevent riconobbe la differenza (e come Daniel Robbins ha sottolineato nel suo catalogo di Gleizes, ha utilizzato la parola "cubo" che più tardi sarebbe stata ripresa da Louis Vauxelles per battezzare il "cubismo"): Metzinger è un mosaicista come Signac, ma egli porta una maggiore precisione al taglio dei suoi cubi di colore che sembrano essere stati fatti meccanicamente [...]. L'interessante storia del termine "cubo" risale almeno al maggio 1901, quando Jean Beral, scrivendo una critica alle opere di Cross su Indépendants in Art et Littérature, commentava "utilizza un puntinismo grande e quadrato, dando l'impressione di un mosaico. Ci si chiede anche perché l'artista non abbia usato cubi di materia solida diversamente colorati: avrebbero realizzato un ottimo rivestimento". » (Robert Herbert, 1968)

Metzinger, seguito da vicino da Delaunay - i due spesso dipinsero assieme nel periodo 1906-07 - sviluppò un nuovo sub-stile che avrebbe avuto un grande significato di lì a poco nel contesto delle loro opere cubiste. Piet Mondrian, nei Paesi Bassi, sviluppò un tecnica divisionista, simil mosaico, intorno al 1909. Il futuristi in seguito (1909 - 1916) mirarono ad adeguare lo stile, grazie all'esperienza parigina di Gino Severini (dal 1907 in poi), nei loro dipinti e sculture dinamiche.
  • Cubismo
Nel 1907 alcuni artisti d'avanguardia a Parigi rivalutarono il proprio lavoro in relazione a quello di Paul Cézanne. Una retrospettiva dei dipinti di Cézanne si tenne al Salon d'Automne del 1904. Lavori vennero esposti al Salon d'Automne del 1905 e 1906, seguiti da due retrospettive commemorative dopo la sua morte nel 1907. L'interesse di Metzinger per l'opera di Cézanne suggerisce un mezzo attraverso il quale Metzinger realizzò il passaggio dal divisionismo al cubismo. Nel 1908 Metzinger frequentò il Bateau Lavoir ed espone con Georges Braque presso la galleria Berthe Weill (Joann Moser, Pre-Cubist works, 1904-1909). Nel 1908 Metzinger sperimentò la frattura della forma, e poco dopo con complesse visualizzazioni multiple dello stesso soggetto. Nel 1910 lo stile di Metzinger era passato ad una forma solida del cubismo analitico. (Joann Moser, Pre-Cubist works, 1904-1909, p. 35,)

Louis Vauxcelles, in una sua critica al XXVI Salon des Indépendant (1910), fece un vago riferimento a Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, Léger e Le Fauconniers, tacciandoli come "geometri ignoranti, che riduconi il corpo umano, i luoghi, a pallidi cubi".

Nel 1910 iniziò ad aggregarsi un gruppo che comprendeva Metzinger, Gleizes, Fernand Léger e Robert Delaunay, un amico di vecchia data e socio di Metzinger. Si incontravano regolarmente nello studio di Henri le Fauconnier a rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, nei pressi del Boulevard de Montparnasse. Insieme ad altri giovani pittori, il gruppo volle sottolineare una ricerca nella forma forma, in opposizione ai divisionisti, o neoimpressionisti, che ponevano l'accento sul colore. 
Metzinger, Gleizes, Le Fauconnier, Delaunay, Léger e Marie Laurencin esposero le loro opere collettivamente nella sala 41 del Salon des Indépendants del 1911, che provocò un scandalo involontario da cui emerse il cubismo diffondendosi a Parigi, in Francia e in tutto il mondo. La Laurencin venne inserita su suggerimento di Guillaume Apollinaire che era diventato un sostenitore entusiasta del nuovo gruppo, nonostante le sue riserve precedenti. Sia Gleizes che Metzinger erano entrambi malcontenti della prospettiva tradizionale, che sostenevano dare solo un'idea parziale di forma di un soggetto come sperimentato nella vita. Nasceva così l'idea che un soggetto poteva essere visto in movimento e da diversi punti di vista.

Mentre Pablo Picasso e Georges Braque sono generalmente riconosciuti come i fondatori del movimento pittorico del XX secolo, divenuto noto come cubismo, fu Jean Metzinger, insieme ad Albert Gleizes, che scrisse il primo grande trattato sulla nuova forma d'arte, Du "Cubisme", in preparazione al Salon de la Section d'Or tenutosi nell'ottobre 1912. Du "Cubisme", pubblicato lo stesso anno da Eugène Figuière a Parigi, rappresentata la prima interpretazione teorica, spiegazione e giustificazione del cubismo, che venne approvata sia da Picasso che da Braque. Du "Cubisme", precedette il noto saggio di Apollinaire, Les Peintres Cubistes (1912, pubblicato nel 1913), in cui veniva sottolineata la convinzione platonica che la mente è il luogo di nascita dell'idea: "discernere una forma è verificare una pre-esistente idea". Du "Cubisme" guadagnò presto grande popolarità, raggiungendo quindici edizioni nello stesso anno, e venne tradotto in diverse lingue europee compreso il russo e l'inglese (l'anno successivo).

Apollinaire scrisse in Les Peintres Cubistes: "Nel disegno, nella composizione, nella assennatezza delle forme contrastanti, le opere di Metzinger hanno uno stile che le distingue, forse anche sopra la maggior parte delle opere dei suoi contemporanei. [...] Fu allora che Metzinger, unendosi a Picasso e Braque, fondò la città cubista ". [..] Non c'è nulla di non realizzato nell'arte di Metzinger, nulla che non sia il frutto di una logica rigorosa. Un dipinto di Metzinger contiene sempre la sua spiegazione [..] è certamente il risultato di una grande e nuova apertura mentale, è qualcosa di unico mi sembra, nella storia dell'arte. Apollinaire continua: "Le nuove strutture che si compongono sono spogliate di tutto ciò che era conosciuto prima di lui". [..] "Ognuno dei suoi quadri contiene un giudizio universale, e il suo lavoro è come il cielo di notte: Quando, spogliato dalle nuvole, splende di belle luci. Non c'è niente di non realizzato nelle opere di Metzinger: la poesia nobilita i più piccoli dettagli". (Apollinaire, Les Peintres Cubistes, Paris, 1912).

Jean Metzinger, per il tramite di Max Jacob, incontrò Apollinaire nel 1907. Il suo ritratto di Guillaume Apollinaire del 1909-1910, è un lavoro importante nella storia del cubismo come lo fu nella vita di Apollinaire. Nel suo Vie Anecdotique del 16 ottobre 1911, il poeta afferma con orgoglio: "Sono onorato di essere il primo modello di un pittore cubista, Jean Metzinger, per un ritratto esposto nel 1910 al Salon des Indépendants". Quindi, secondo Apollinaire non era solo il primo ritratto cubista, ma era anche il primo ritratto del grande poeta esposto in pubblico.

Due opere immediatamente precedenti il ritratto di Apollinare, il Nu e Paesaggio, realizzate fra il 1908 ed il 1909, rispettivamente, indicano che Metzinger era già partito dal neoimpressionismo nel 1908. Volgendo interamente la sua attenzione verso l'astrazione geometrica della forma, Metzinger permise allo spettatore di ricostruire il volume originale mentalmente e di immaginare l'oggetto nello spazio. Le sue preoccupazioni per il colore, che aveva assunto un ruolo primario sia come dispositivo decorativo che espressivo prima del 1908, avevano lasciato il posto al primato della forma. Ma le sue tonalità monocromatiche sarebbero durate solo fino al 1912, quando sia il colore che la forma, coraggiosamente si combinavano per produrre opere come Danseuse au café (Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo New York). "Le opere di Jean Metzinger" Apollinaire scrisse nel 1912 "hanno le stimmate della purezza. Le sue meditazioni assumono belle forme la cui armonia tende ad avvicinarsi al sublime. Le nuove strutture che compone sono spogliate di tutto ciò che era conosciuto prima di lui".

Come residente della Butte Montmartre a Parigi, Metzinger entrò nel circolo di Picasso e Braque (nel 1908). "Fu merito di Jean Metzinger, all'epoca, essere stato il primo a riconoscere l'inizio del movimento cubista in quanto tale" scrisse S. E. Johnson, "il ritratto di Metzinger del poeta Apollinaire, il vate del movimento cubista, fu realizzato nel 1909 e, come Apollinaire stesso ha sottolineato nel suo libro I pittori cubisti (scritto nel 1912 e pubblicato nel 1913), Metzinger, dopo Picasso e Braque, è stato cronologicamente il terzo artista cubista.

Tutti cubisti (ad eccezione di Gleizes, Delaunay e pochi altri) torneranno alle forme del classicismo alla fine della prima guerra mondiale. Nonostante ciò, la lezione del cubismo non venne dimenticata.

L'abbandono del cubismo da parte di Metzinger, intorno al 1918, lasciò aperta la suscettibilità spaziale dell'osservazione classica, ma la forma non poteva che essere colta dalla intelligenza dell'osservatore, qualcosa che sfuggiva all'osservazione classica.

In una lettera a Léonce Rosenberg (settembre 1920) Jean Metzinger scriveva di un ritorno alla natura che gli appariva costruttivo e non affatto una rinuncia del cubismo. La sua mostra presso l'Effort Moderne, all'inizio del 1921, era esclusivamente costituita da paesaggi: il suo vocabolario formale rimase ritmica, la prospettiva lineare era evitata. C'era una motivazione di unire il pittorico e il naturale. 
Christopher Green scrive: "La volontà di adattare il linguaggio cubista all'aspetto della natura venne rapidamente a influenzare la sua pittura di figura. Da quella mostra del 1921 Metzinger continuò a coltivare uno stile che non solo era meno oscuro, ma aveva chiaramente preso come oggetto il suo punto di partenza molto più di un gioco astratto con piatti elementi pittorici". Green continua: "Eppure, lo stile, nel senso del suo modo particolare di gestire forma e colori, rimase per Metzinger il fattore determinante, qualcosa di imposto ai suoi soggetti per dar loro uno speciale carattere pittorico. 
I suoi dolci e ricchi colori, fra il 1921-1924, furono spudoratamente artificiali, ed essi stessi sintomatici del fatto che il suo ritorno alla rappresentazione lucida non significa un ritorno alla natura approcciata naturalisticamente ... Metzinger stesso, scrivendo nel 1922 [pubblicato da Montparnasse] poteva affermare con sicurezza che tutto questo non era un tradimento del cubismo, ma uno sviluppo all'interno di esso. "Funziona", disse, "ciò che attraverso l'aspetto classico trasmette le più personali [più originali] e più recenti concezioni ... Ora che alcuni cubisti hanno spinto le loro costruzioni finora a rendere in modo chiaro le apparenze oggettive, è stato dichiarato che il cubismo è morto [di fatto] mentre si avvicina alla realizzazione".

L'ordinamento rigorosamente costruttivo che era diventato così pronunciato nelle opere cubiste di Metzinger pre-1920, continuò nel corso dei decenni successivi, in un attento posizionamento di forme, colore, e nel modo in cui Metzinger assimilava delicatamente l'unione di figura e sfondo, di luce e ombra. Questo può essere visto in molte figure: Dalla divisione (in due) delle caratteristiche del modello emerge un profilo sottile, vista-risultante da una prospettiva libera e mobile, utilizzata da Metzinger in una certa misura già nel 1908, a costituire l'immagine di un intero unitario che comprende la quarta dimensione.

Sia come pittore che teorico del movimento cubista, Metzinger fu in prima linea. Il suo eccessivo ruolo come mediatore tra il pubblico in generale, Picasso, Braque e altri aspiranti artisti (come Gleizes, Delaunay, Le Fauconnier e Léger), lo pone direttamente al centro del cubismo. "Jean Metzinger", scrive Daniel Robbins "era al centro del cubismo, non solo a causa del suo ruolo di intermediario tra il gruppo ortodosso di Montmartre e la sponda destra o cubisti Passy, non solo per la sua identificazione con il grande movimento quando esso venne riconosciuto, ma soprattutto a causa della sua personalità artistica. Le sue preoccupazioni erano equilibrati; era volutamente all'incrocio tra alta intellettualità alta e spettacolo".
  • Teoria
Jean Metzinger e Albert Gleizes scrissero facendo riferimento alla geometria non euclidea nel loro manifesto del 1912, Du "Cubisme". Si è sostenuto che il cubismo stesso non era basato su una teoria geometrica, ma che la geometria non euclidea corrisponde meglio di quella classica, o geometria euclidea, a quanto i cubisti stavano realizzando. L'essenza era nella comprensione dello spazio diverso da quello secondo il classico metodo della prospettiva, una comprensione che doveva includere e integrare la quarta dimensione con lo spazio tridimensionale.

Anche se la rottura con il passato sembrava totale, vi era ancora all'interno dell'avanguardia qualcosa del passato. Metzinger, per esempio, scrisse in un articolo, due anni prima della pubblicazione del Du "Cubisme", che la più grande sfida per l'artista moderno non è quello di cancellare la tradizione, ma di accettarla "dentro di noi", vivendola. Fu la combinazione del passato (ispirato da Ingres e Seurat), con il presente, e la sua progressione verso il futuro che più incuriosì Metzinger. Ebbe una tendenza ad un "equilibrio tra il perseguimento del transitorio e la mania per l'eterno, ma il risultato fu un equilibrio instabile. La dominazione non sarebbe più del mondo esterno. La progressione andava dallo specifico all'universale... , dal particolare al generale, dal fisico al temporaneo, verso una sintesi completa di tutto, per quanto irraggiungibile, verso un elementare comune denominatore (per usare le parole di Daniel Robbins).

Considerando che Cézanne aveva influenzato Metzinger per lo sviluppo del cubismo tra il 1908 e il 1911, durante la sua fase più espressionista, l'opera di Seurat avrebbe, ancora una volta, attirato l'attenzione dei cubisti e futuristi tra il 1911 e il 1914, quando vennero riprodotte pianeggianti strutture geometriche. Ciò che i cubisti trovavano attraente, secondo Apollinaire, era il modo con cui Seurat affermava un'assoluta "chiarezza scientifica del concepimento". I cubisti osservavano nelle sue armonie matematiche, la strutturazione geometrica del movimento e della forma, il primato dell'idea sulla natura (cosa che i simbolisti aveva riconosciuto). 
Ai loro occhi, Seurat aveva "fatto un passo fondamentale verso il cubismo, ripristinando l'intelletto sull'arte, dopo che l'impressionismo lo aveva negato" (per usare le parole di Herbert). Il gruppo "Section d'Or" fondato da alcuni dei più importanti cubisti era in effetti un omaggio a Seurat. Nell'ambito delle opere di Seurat, rappresentanti bar, cabaret e concerti, amati dall'avanguardia - i cubisti scoprirono una'armonia matematica sottostante, tale da poter essere facilmente trasformata in mobili configurazioni dinamiche.

L'idea di muoversi intorno ad un oggetto per vederlo da diversi punti di vista venne trattata in Du "Cubisme" (1912). Era anche un'idea centrale di Jean Metzinger espressa sul suo Note sur la Peinture del 1910. Infatti, prima del cubismo i pittori lavoravano sul fattore fattore limitante di un singolo punto di vista. E fu Jean Metzinger, per la prima volta, in Note sur la Peinture, che enunciò lo stimolante interesse nel rappresentare gli oggetti come ricordati dalle esperienze successive e soggettive nel contesto di tempo e spazio. In tale articolo, Metzinger osserva che Braque e Picasso "scartarono la prospettiva tradizionale e concessero loro la libertà di muoversi intorno agli oggetti". Questo è il concetto di "punto di vista mobile" che tenderebbe verso la rappresentazione dell'"immagine totale".

Anche se in un primo momento l'idea scioccò il pubblico, alla fine si giunse ad accettarla, come si era accettata la rappresentazione dell'universo come una moltitudine di punti costituiti da colori primari. Proprio come ogni colore viene modificato dal suo rapporto con i colori adiacenti, nel contesto della teoria del colore neoimpressionista, così anche l'oggetto viene modificato dalle forme geometriche ad esso adiacenti nel contesto del cubismo. Il concetto di "punto di vista mobile" è essenzialmente un'estensione di un principio analogo, rispetto al colore, affermato da Paul Signac nel suo D'Eugène Delacroix au néo-impressionisme. Solo ora, l'idea veniva estesa al trattamento delle questioni di forma. (See Jean Metzinger, 1912, Danseuse au café).

Nel 1912 il cubismo aveva raggiunto quasi l'astrattismo fino al punto di totale non rappresentazione. In Du "Cubisme", Gleizes e Metzinger, si erano resi conto che gli aspetti figurativi della nuova arte potevano essere abbandonati: "visitiamo una mostra a contemplare la pittura, non per allargare la nostra conoscenza della geografia, anatomia, ecc [...] "Lasciamo che il quadro non imiti nulla, lasciamo che palesemente presenti la sua ragione, e dovremmo essere davvero ingrati a deplorare l'assenza di tutte quelle cose, fiori o paesaggi o volti - che non avrebbero potuto essere altro che un riflesso. Anche se Metzinger e Gleizes esitarono a farla finita con la natura definitivamente: "Tuttavia, ammettiamo che il ricordo delle forme naturali non può assolutamente essere bandito. In ogni caso l'arte non può essere improvvisamente posta al livello di pura effusione. [...] Questo venne compreso dai pittori cubisti, che instancabilmente studiarono la forma pittorica e lo spazio che essa genera.

Uno degli argomenti essenziali di Du "Cubisme", era che la conoscenza del mondo è da guadagnare da soli attraverso le sensazioni. La classica pittura figurativa offriva soltanto un punto di vista, una sobria sensazione del mondo, limitatamente alla sensazione di un essere umano che vede immobile solo ciò che è davanti a lui da un singolo punto di vista nello spazio congelato in un istante di tempo (il tempo era assoluto, nel senso newtoniano e separato dalle dimensioni spaziali). Ma l'essere umano è mobile e dinamico, occupando spazio e tempo. L'osservatore vede il mondo da una moltitudine di angoli (non un angolo unico) formando un continuum di sensazioni in costante evoluzione, cioè, eventi e fenomeni naturali sono osservati in un continuum di cambiamento costante. Proprio come le formulazioni della geometria euclidea, la prospettiva classica è solo una convenzione (termine di Henri Poincaré), rendendo i fenomeni della natura più palpabili, suscettibili di pensiero e comprensibili. Eppure queste convenzioni classiche oscurano la verità delle nostre sensazioni e, di conseguenza, la verità della nostra natura umana è stata limitata. Il mondo era visto come un'astrazione, come Ernst Mach implicita. In questo senso, si potrebbe sostenere che la pittura classica, con la sua prospettiva immobile e la geometria euclidea, è un'astrazione, non una rappresentazione accurata del mondo reale.

Ciò che rese il cubismo progressista e veramente moderno, secondo Gleizes e Metzinger, fu la sua nuova armatura geometrica, con la quale si liberò dall'immobilità tridimensionale della geometria euclidea raggiungendo una rappresentazione dinamica delle quattro dimensioni in cui viviamo, una migliore rappresentazione della realtà, delle esperienze della vita, qualcosa che potrebbe essere colta attraverso i sensi (non attraverso l'occhio) ed espressa su una tela.

In Du "Cubisme" Gleizes e Metzinger scrissero che noi possiamo conoscere solo le nostre sensazioni, non perché rifiutate come mezzo di ispirazione. Al contrario, perché capire le nostre sensazioni più profondamente ha dato l'ispirazione principale per il proprio lavoro. Il loro attacco alla pittura classica è stato determinato dal fatto che le sensazioni che offriva erano povere in confronto alla ricchezza e alla diversità delle sensazioni offerte dal mondo naturale che si voleva imitare. La ragione per cui la pittura classica non era all'altezza dei suoi obiettivi, secondo Gleizes e Metzinger, era che tentava di rappresentare il mondo reale come un momento nel tempo, nella convinzione che fosse tridimensionale e geometrica euclidea.
  • Aspetti scientifici
La questione se gli aspetti teorici del cubismo enunciato da Gleizes e Metzinger portavano alcun rapporto con lo sviluppo della scienza agli inizi del XX secolo è stata vigorosamente contestata dalla critica d'arte, storici e scienziati. Eppure, in Du "Cubisme" Jean Metzinger e Albert Gleizes articolarono: "Se abbiamo voluto mettere in relazione lo spazio dei pittori cubisti alla geometria, dovremmo fare riferimento per esso ai matematici non euclidei; dovremmo studiare alcuni dei teoremi di Riemann".

Necessitava poco, dopo tutto, per evitare che i cubisti sviluppassero le proprie varianti pittoriche sullo spazio topologico, in parallelo (o indipendentemente) a considerazioni relativistiche. Anche se il concetto di osservare un soggetto da diversi punti nello spazio e nel tempo simultaneamente (prospettiva multipla o mobile) sviluppato da Gleizes e Metzinger non è stato derivato direttamente dalla teoria di Albert Einstein (teoria della relatività), era certamente influenzato in modo simile, attraverso il lavoro di Jules Henri Poincaré (in particolare scienza e ipotesi), il matematico francese, fisico teorico e filosofo della scienza, che diede molti contributi fondamentali alla topologia algebrica, alla meccanica celeste, alla teoria quantistica e realizzò un passo importante nella formulazione della teoria della relatività speciale.

Una moltitudine di analogie, parallelismi o analogie sono state elaborate nel corso dei decenni tra scienza moderna e cubsimo. Ma non sempre vi è stato accordo su come gli scritti di Gleizes e Metzinger dovrebbe essere interpretati, rispetto a simultaneità di più punti di vista.

Metzinger aveva già scritto nel 1910 di prospettiva mobile, come un'interpretazione di ciò che sarebbe stato presto soprannominato "cubismo" rispetto a Picasso, Braque, Delaunay, Le Fauconnier (Metzinger, Note sur la peinture, Pan, Paris, Oct-Nov 1910). E Apollinaire gli avrebbe fatto eco con lo stesso motivo, un anno più tardi, per quanto riguarda lo stato dell'osservatore di movimento. Il punto di vista mobile era simile al movimento "cinematografico" attorno ad un oggetto che consisteva di una verità plastica compatibile con la realtà, mostrando allo spettatore "tutte le sue sfaccettature". Anche Gleizes, lo stesso anno, osservava Metzinger era "ossessionato dal desiderio di inscrivere un'immagine totale [...] Egli mise giù il maggior numero di piani possibili: alla verità puramente oggettiva egli voleva aggiungere una nuova verità, nata da quello che la sua intelligenza gli permetteva di conoscere. E lui stesso disse:.. allo spazio si unirà il tempo [...] vuole sviluppare il campo visivo, moltiplicandolo, per iscrivere tutto nello spazio della tela stessa: è allora che il cubo avrà un ruolo, per Metzinger, utilizzano questo mezzo per ristabilire l'equilibrio che queste iscrizioni audaci avranno momentaneamente rotto". 

Gli scritti di Poincaré, a differenza di quelli di Einstein, erano ben noti precedentemente e durante gli anni cruciali del cubismo (all'incirca tra il 1908 e il 1914). Si noti che il libro molto letto di Poincaré, La Science et l'Hypothese, era stato pubblicato nel 1902 (da Flammarion).

Il comune denominatore tra le nozioni relativistiche - mancanza di un sistema di riferimento assoluto, trasformazioni metriche di tipo lorenziano, relatività della simultaneità, integrazione della dimensione temporale con le tre dimensioni spaziali - e l'idea della prospettiva cubista mobile (osservando il soggetto da diversi punti di visualizzazione contemporaneamente) pubblicato da Jean Metzinger e Gleizes Albert era, in effetti, discendente dal lavoro di Poincaré e altri, almeno dal punto di vista teorico, il concetto di prospettiva mobile descrivente accuratamente l'opera di Picasso e Braque (o altri cubisti) è certamente discutibile. Indubbiamente, però, sia Gleizes e Metzinger attuarono i principi teorici derivati da Du "Cubisme" riportandoli sulla tela e rendendoli chiaramente visibili nelle loro opere prodotte in quel tempo.

I primi interessi di Metzinger per la matematica sono documentati. Ebbe probabilmente familiarità con le opere di Gauss, Riemann e Poincaré (e forse con la relatività galileiana) prima dello sviluppo del cubismo: qualcosa che si riflette nelle sue opere pre-1907. Fu forse il matematico francese Maurice Princet che introdusse al lavoro di Poincaré, insieme al concetto di quarta dimensione spaziale, gli artisti che frequentavano il Bateau-Lavoir. Era uno stretto collaboratore di Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Jean Metzinger e Marcel Duchamp. Princet è conosciuto come "le mathématicien du Cubisme" (il matematico del cubismo). Princet portò a conoscenza di questi artisti un libro intitolato Traité de géométrie Elémentaire à quatre dimensions di Esprit Jouffret (1903) una divulgazione di Science and Hypothesis di Poincaré. In questo libro Jouffret descrive ipercubi e complessi poliedri in quattro dimensioni proiettate su una pagina bidimensionale. Princet si allontanò dal gruppo dopo che la moglie lo lasciò per André Derain. Tuttavia, Princet rimase vicino a Metzinger e partecipò alle riunioni del Section d'Or a Puteaux. Diede lezioni informali agli artisti, molti dei quali erano appassionati di matematica. Nel 1910, Metzinger disse di lui: "Picasso, stabilisce un libero punto di vista mobile, dal quale il geniale matematico Maurice Princet ha dedotto una intera geometria".

Successivamente, Metzinger scrisse nelle sue memorie (Le Cubisme était né):

«Maurice Princet si unì spesso a noi. Anche se molto giovane, grazie alla sua conoscenza della matematica aveva un lavoro importante in una compagnia di assicurazioni. Ma, al di là della sua professione, era come un artista che ha concettualizzato la matematica, come un esteta che ha invocato n-dimensionali "continuum". Amava interessare gli artisti alle nuove concezioni sullo spazio che erano state aperte da Schlegel e altri. Riuscì in questo. » Le Cubisme était né, Joan Metzinger)

Louis Vauxcelles soprannominò sarcasticamente Princet "il padre del cubismo": "M. Princet ha studiato a lungo geometria non euclidea ed i teoremi di Riemann, di cui Gleizes e Metzinger parlano ... Princet un giorno incontrò Max M. Jacob e affidò a lui una o due delle sue scoperte relative alla quarta dimensione. M. Jacob informò il geniale Picasso, e Picasso vide la possibilità di nuovi schemi ornamentali. Picasso ha spiegato le sue intenzioni ad Apollinaire, che si affrettò a scrivere un prontuario e a codificarle. La cosa si diffuse e si propagò. Il cubismo, il figlio di M. Princet, era nato". (Vauxcelles 29 dicembre 1918).

In aggiunta alla matematica, sia la sensazione umana e l'intelligenza erano importanti per Metzinger. Fu la mancanza di quest'ultima l'attributo umano che i teorici principali del cubismo rimproverarono agli impressionisti e a Fauves, per il quale la sensazione era la sola necessità. L'intelligenza doveva lavorare in armonia con la sensazione, così insieme fornendo le basi per la costruzione dei cubisti. Metzinger, con la sua educazione e abilità matematica aveva capito questo rapporto nella fase iniziale. Infatti, la geometrizzazione dello spazio che avrebbe caratterizzato il cubismo si può già osservare nelle sue opere del 1905, seguendo l'esempio di Cézanne e Seurat. (Vedi Jean Metzinger, 1905-1906, Due nudi in un paesaggio esotico, olio su tela, 116 x 88,8 cm).

Per Metzinger, e anche per Gleizes e Malevich, in una certa misura, la visione classica era stata una rappresentazione incompleta delle cose reali, sulla base di una serie incompleta di leggi, postulati e teoremi. Essa rappresentava, molto semplicemente, la convinzione che lo spazio è l'unica cosa che separa due punti. Fu la credenza nella realtà geocentrica del mondo osservabile, immutabile e immobile. I cubisti erano stati felici di scoprire che il mondo era una realtà dinamica, cambiando nel tempo, e apparente diverso a seconda del punto di vista dell'osservatore. Eppure ognuno di questi punti di vista erano ugualmente validi, non vi era alcun sistema di riferimento preferito, tutti i punti di riferimento erano uguali. Questa simmetria di fondo insita nella natura, infatti, è l'essenza della relatività di Einstein.
  • Influenza sulla meccanica quantistica
Sulla questione se la creatività nel campo della scienza sia mai stata influenzata dall'arte, Arthur I. Miller, autore di Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time and the Beauty that Causes Havoc (2002), risponde: "il cubismo contribuì direttamente a Niels Bohr di scoprire il principio di complementarità nella teoria quantistica, che dice che qualcosa può essere una particella e un'onda allo stesso tempo, ma sarà sempre misurata per essere o l'una o l'altra. Nel cubismo analitico, gli artisti cercarono di rappresentare una scena da tutti i punti di vista possibili su una tela. [...] Vedendo la pittura, si vede com'è. Bohr poté leggere il libro di Jean Metzinger e Albert Gleizes sulla teoria cubista, Du "Cubisme". Egli si ispirò ad esso nel postulare che la totalità di un elettrone è sia una particella che un'onda, ma quando la si osserva si scegliere un punto di vista particolare".

Niels Bohr (1885-1962), il fisico danese e uno dei principali fondatori della meccanica quantistica, aveva infatti appeso nel suo ufficio un grande dipinto di Jean Metzinger, La Femme au Cheval (Donna con cavallo) 1911-1912 (ora allo Statens Museum for Kunst, National Gallery di Danimarca). Questo lavoro è uno dei migliori esempi di applicazione della prospettiva mobile dipinti da Metzinger. L'interesse di Bohr nei confronti del cubismo, secondo Miller, è stato ancorato agli scritti di Metzinger. Arthur Miller conclude: "Se il cubismo è il risultato della scienza nell'arte, la teoria quantistica è il risultato dell'arte nella scienza".

Nelle parole epistemologiche di Bohr, 1929:

« ... a seconda del nostro punto di vista arbitrario... dobbiamo, in generale, essere disposti ad accettare il fatto che una spiegazione completa di uno stesso oggetto può richiedere diversi punti di vista che sfidano una descrizione univoca» (Neils Bohr, 1929)

Nel contesto del cubismo, gli artisti furono costretti nella posizione di ri-valutare il ruolo dell'osservatore. La classica prospettiva lineare e aerea, le transizioni di superfici ininterrotte e chiaroscuri vennero messi da parte. Ciò che rimaneva era una serie di immagini ottenute da un osservatore (l'artista) in diversi quadri di riferimento rispetto a come l'oggetto veniva dipinto. Essenzialmente, le osservazioni erano legate attraverso un sistema di trasformazione di coordinate. Il risultato fu l'immagine totale di Metzinger o una combinazione di immagini successive.
Nella teoria di Metzinger, l'artista e l'oggetto osservato erano diventati equivocamente collegati in modo che i risultati di qualsiasi tipo di osservazione sembravano essere determinati, almeno in parte, dalle scelte effettive realizzate dall'artista. "Un oggetto non ha una forma assoluta, ma ne ha molte", scrisse Metzinger. Inoltre, parte del ruolo di mettere insieme varie immagini veniva lasciata all'osservatore (guardando il quadro). L'oggetto rappresentato, a seconda di come l'osservatore lo percepiva, poteva avere tante forme "quanti sono i piani nella regione della percezione" (Jean Metzinger, 1912).
  • Ultime opere
Tra il 1918-1923 Metzinger si allontanò dal cubismo per andare verso il realismo, pur mantenendo elementi di stile cubista. In fasi successive della sua carriera un altro importante cambiamento fu notevole, dal 1923-1930: uno sviluppo in parallelo al mondo della meccanica di Fernand Léger. Nel corso di questi anni Metzinger continuò a mantenere la propria spiccata individualità artistica. Queste immagini sono saldamente costruite dai colori vivaci e visivamente metaforici, composto da soggetti di vita urbana e nature morte, con chiari riferimenti alla scienza e alla tecnologia. Allo stesso tempo fu coinvolto sentimentalmente con una giovane donna greca, Suzanne Foca. I due si sposarono nel 1929. Dopo il 1930, fino alla sua morte nel 1956, Metzinger si rivolse verso un approccio più classico o alla pittura decorativa con elementi di surrealismo, ancora preoccupato da questioni di forma, volume, dimensione, posizione relativa e dal rapporto di figure, con visibili proprietà geometriche dello spazio. Metzinger fu incaricato di dipingere un grande murale, Mistica di Viaggio, che dipinse per la Salle de Cinema nel padiglione ferroviario del'Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne, Parigi 1937.

Jean Metzinger venne incaricato come docente alla Académie de la Palette, nell'arrondissement di Montparnasse a Parigi, nel 1912, dove Le Fauconnier era direttore. Fra i suoi allievi ebbe Serge Charchoune, Jessica Dismorr, Nadežda Udal'cova e Ljubov' Popova.
Verso la fine della sua carriera Metzinger insegnò all'Académie Arenius. Visse a Bandol in Provenza fino al 1943 e tornò poi a Parigi dove insegnò per tre anni all'Académie Frochot nel 1950. L'artista morì a Parigi il 3 novembre 1956.




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